Brazil's national museum, a 200-year-old building that contained 20 million items in its collection, went up in flames on Sunday night.
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The fire started on Sunday evening, after the building - a 19th-Century former royal palace - had closed for the day.
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The fire lit up the night sky, and sent plumes of smoke over the city of Rio de Janeiro.
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One of the largest anthropology and natural history collections in the Americas was almost totally destroyed in the blaze.
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The museum housed thousands of items related to the history of Brazil, as well as artefacts from Egypt, Greco-Roman art and some of the first fossils found in Brazil.
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No injuries have been reported.
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Aerial photos the next morning revealed the scale of the damage to the historic building.
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It is not known what caused the blaze, but officials have blamed lack of funding for the devastation.
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The destruction of the museum has been described as a "cultural tragedy".
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Demonstrators later gathered in front of the museum to voice their anger at the authorities.