Abin da mu ka sani kan Pascalina, Na'urar da ke neman maye gurbin ƙwaƙwalwar ɗan'adam

"Wani kuskure ne mai ban mamaki! Abin baƙin ciki ne da ke nuna rashin sha'awa kan al'adunmu na kimiyya! Wannan rashin fahimta ce na Pascal ...!".

Da waɗannan kalamai masu jan hankali, mambobin cibiyar Institut de France - babbar cibiyar al'adu da kimiyya ta ƙasar - suka bayyana firgicinsu game da shirin sayar da pascalina, na'urar ƙididdigar da babban hamshaƙin mai fasaha na ƙarni na 17 Blaise Pascal ya ƙera.

A cikin labarin, wanda jaridar Le Monde ta wallafa a ranar 1 ga Nuwamba, sun jaddada cewa "Easter, asalin fasahar zamani, ya sanya Faransa zama matattarar ilimain kwamfuta: juyin juya halin da ya canza fahimtarmu game da duniya."

Sun tabbatar da cewa "ta sanya ƙasar a sahun gaba wajen sauyin ilmin zamani kuma ta kasance ɗaya daga cikin manyan kayan tarihi da fasaha na Faransa."

Sun buƙaci gwamnatin Faransa da ta sake yin la'akari da lasisin fitar da kayayyaki da aka bai wa gidan gwanjon kaya na Christie's, wanda "gwamnati ta yi watsi da batun ayyana pascalina a matsayin ''abin tarihi na ƙasa'' , wanda zai tabbatar da ci gaba da kasancewa a cikin ƙasar.

Wata biyu da suka gabata, Christie's ta ba da sanarwar cewa za ta fara yin gwanjon wasu kayan tarihi: na Bafaranshe ɗan asalin Catalania Léon Parcé, wanda ɗakin karatunsa na kansa ya ƙunshi kusan littattafai ɗari.

Akwai kundin incunabula, littattafan kimiyya da wasu rubuce-rubucen da ba kasafai ake samunsu ba, da zaɓin ayyukan da ke gano juyin halittar tunanin Turai.

Alƙaluma sun nuna cewa na'urar na da farashin tsakanin dala miliyan 2 zuwa dala miliyan 3.5, kuma Christie's ta bayyana ta a matsayin "kayan aikin kimiyya mafi mahimmanci da aka taba yin gwanjonta".

"Ta wuce na'ura kawai. Alama ce ta kowane babi a tarihin bil'adama," in ji masanin lissafin Faransa Cédric Villani wanda ya lashe lambar yabo, a cikin bidiyon talla da ya yi wa gidan gwanjon.

Villani ya bayyana yadda kyakkyawar na'urar ta yi aiki, wanda mutane da yawa suka iya gani da idonsu, kamar yadda aka saba gani a kayayyaki masu irin wannan nau'in wannan nau'in, akwai wani rangadin ƙasa da ƙasa wanda ya kai tarin kayan zuwa New York, sannan zuwa Hong Kong daga ƙarshe kuma zuwa Paris, a jajibirin gwanjon kayan da aka shirya yi a ranar 19 ga Nuwamba.

Amma menene labarin wannan akwati na katako da aka ƙawata da sandunan ebony da tayoyi 8 da ake iya gani?

Wane ne Pascal?

Labaran na'urori sun saba farawa daga waɗanda suka ƙera su, kuma a wannan lamarin, ɗaya ne daga cikin mutanen da suke da ilimi mai zurfi.

Don haka yana da wuya a taƙaita labarin Blaise Pascal, wanda aka haifa a shekara ta 1623 kuma wanda ya mutu bayan shekaru 39.

Pascal ya kasance ɗaya daga cikin manyan masu lissafi a tarihi, masani wanda ya ba da gudummawa mai mahimmanci ga lissafi, kimiyyar lissafi, falsafa, da tunanin addini.

A yau, masana kimiyya suna auna yanayin 'pascals', ma'aunin da aka sanya masa suna don girmama aikinsa a fannin iskar gas.

Hakanan ana tuno da shi ta hanyar 'Pascal, triangle', tsarin ƙididdiga mai lamba uku wanda ke nuna alaƙa mai ban mamaki tsakanin lambobi kuma ya ke taimakawa wurin warware ayyukan lissafi masu sarƙaƙiya.

Akwai kuma "Pascal's Wager", batun falsafar da ke nuna cewa ya fi dacewa a dogara kan imani ga Allah.

Ta hanyar nazarinsa, ya gudanar da gwaje-gwajen da suka nuna cewa iska tana da ƙarfi kuma abin da ake kira ''Vacuum'' ya tabbata.

A wasiƙun da suka yi musaya da masanin lissafin Faransa Pierre de Fermat, sun aza tubalin gina tsarin lissafi na ''Probability''.

Ya dai kasance mai zurfin tunani kuma marubuci mai ban sha'awa: littafinsa mafi shahara, 'Pensées', ana karrama shi a matsayin mafi kyawun rubuce-rubucen adabin Faransanci.

Yayin da duk wannan ya zama batun ilimi mai zurfi, Pascal ya kuma ba da lokaci don bunƙasa ayyukan inganta duniya.

Don kwatanta bincikensa na ''Pascal's Law'' , ya ƙirƙiri na'urori masu ɗauke da bututu - ɓangaren da ke tura ruwa cikin silinda - kakannin sirinji da ake amfani da shi a fannin kiwon lafiya na zamani.

Har ila yau, a birnin Paris ya samar da tsarin sufuri na birane, 'Five-Sou Carriages', da ke da fayyacaccen hanyarsa, da farashinsa na dindindin da kuma tsarin jadawalin lokaci, wanda ya fara aiki a shekara ta 1662, wanda wasu su ke ɗauka a matsayin asalin tsarin lsufuri na zamani.

Bayan shekaru ashirin ne na sami ra'ayin ƙirƙirar "na'urar lissafi" mai iya yin lissafin ba tare da wahala ba kuma ba tare da hadarin kuskure ba.

Saboda 'Baba'

Pascal yana da dangantaka ta ƙut da ƙut da mahaifinsa, wanda ke cikin jami'an gudanarwa na kuɗi, wanda kusancinsa ya fi ƙarfi da gwamnati fiye da ɓangaren sarauta ta gargajiya.

Ya samu ingantaccen ilimi wanda ba irin wanda aka saba gani ba al'ada ba: Étienne Pascal ƙwararren masanin lissafi ne, kuma ya koyar da shi ne a gida ta hanyar amfani da nasa dabarun.

Ya kasance abin mamaki: a lokacin da yake da shekara 11, Pascal ya tsara ɗan gajeren labari game da sautukan jiki masu girgiza; yana ɗan shekara 16, ya tsara lissafin 'Geometry'.

Kuma lokacin da mahaifinsa ya ɗauki matsayin mai karɓar haraji a Normandy, Pascal, yana ɗan shekara 19, ya buƙaci a ba shi damar ƙirƙirar wani abu da zai taimaka wurin lissafin kuɗi.

Abu mafi wahala shi ne samar da hanyar da za a iya motsa na'urar: na'urar na da ƙafa ɗaya na ƴan ɗaya-ɗaya, wani na ƴan goma-goma, da wani na wani na ƴan ɗaruruwa, da sauransu, sannan a shekara ta 1645 aka gabatar da ita ga mutane.

Ya kasance yana zuzuta abin da ya ƙera, "kun san cewa idan mutum ya yi aiki da hannu, zai riƙa tunawa da lambobin da ake buƙata, da kuma kura-kurai nawa ya yi, sai dai idan mutum ya daɗe yana gwaji, wanda kuma yakan gajiyar da tunani cikin ƙanƙanin lokaci.

"Wannan na'ura tana rage wa mai amfani da ita gajiya da wahala, kuma ba ta kuskure."

Don kare abin da ya ƙera ​​daga masu yin na bogi, a shekara ta 1649 ya sami wata doka da Sarkin Faransa Louis XIV ya sanya wa hannu, wanda ya haramta wa kowa yin wani abu mai kamanceceniya da na'urar a ƙarƙashin dokar kuma akwai hukuncin tara mai nauyi, "daga yau har abada".

Sakamkon alfaharin da yake yi da abin da ya ƙera, ya aika wata ƴar ƙaramar na'ura ga Sarauniya Christina ta ƙasar Sweden, daya daga cikin mata masu hazaƙa da ilimi a zamaninta, waɗanda Pascal, kamar sauran jama'a, suke girmamawa.

A cikin shekaru masu zuwa, Pascal ya ƙera na'urori daban-daban, masu siffofi daban-daban kuma masu gudanar da ayyuka daban-daban.

Amma tsarin samar da fasahar na da tsada kuma hakan ya hana a ƙera na'urorin da yawa.

Duk da haka, kamar yadda labarin Le Monde ya nuna, "ƴan zamaninsa sun cika da mamaki. Manyan malamai sun yi sha'awar na'urar, tun daga masanin lissafi (Gilles de) Roberval."

Hakanan ita ce na'ura ta farko da aka ambata a cikin littafin 'Diderot and d'Alembert's Encyclopedia'.

Kuma ya zama abin koyi ga masu ƙera na'urorin ƙididdiga da su a zo daga baya.

Ba abin mamaki ba ne cewa ɗaya daga cikin tsare-tsaren da aka yi amfani da su wajen ƙirƙiro komfuta na farko, wanda Niklaus Wirth ya wallafa a shekara ta 1970, yana ɗauke da sunan Pascal, don tunawa da babban nasarar wannan zamanin.

Amma mu koma kan namu.

Jan hankali

An yi nasarar yin gwanjon kayan Léon Parcé.

Ayyukan kimiyya kamar bugu na farko (1687) na littafin "Philosophiæ Naturalis Principia Mathematica" na Isaac Newton da babban aikin Galileo na ƙarshe akan kimiyyar lissafi , "Discorsi e dimostrazioni matematiche, intorno a due nuove scienze" (1638), an samu masu sayensu cikin sauƙi.

Wannan kuma ya haɗa da wasu muhimman ayyuka na masu zurfin tunani irin su Johannes Kepler da Pierre de Fermat da Michel de Montaigne, Montesquieu har ma da Miguel de Cervantes

Amma Parcé ya fi kowa sha'awar Pascal, don haka ya kwashe shekaru da dama yana tattara ayyukansa da wasiƙu, kayan aiki da bugu na farko da suka shafi wannan masanin na Faransa.

Sa'o'i a baya, Christie's ya tabbatar da cewa ba zai sayar da pascalina ba.

Masu adawa da sayar da na'urar sun wallafa ra'ayoyinsu a cikin jarida, sun kuma shigar da ƙarar gaggawa na neman doka don hana aiwatar da shi.

Kodayake gidajen tarihi na Faransa suna da shida daga cikin na'urori na asali guda tara da aka sani, wannan - wanda ke hannun mutane masu zaman kansu - "shine kawai wanda aka tsara don zane-zane.

Domin nazarin ƙorafe-ƙorafen, Kotun gudanarwa ta Paris ta samar da dokar da dakatar da fitar da kayayyaki na wucin gadi wanda Ministan Al'adu na Faransa ya bayar a watan Mayu.

Alƙalin ya bayyana da cewa akwai "babban shakku" game da sahihancin takardar, a cewar wata sanarwa daga kotun Paris.

Ya ƙiyasta cewa na'urar "za a iya ayyana na'urar a matsayin 'abin tarirhi na ƙasa', don haka pascalina ba zai iya barin ƙasar Faransa ba.

Ya ƙara da cewa, hukuncin na wucin gadi ne har sai an yanke hukunci na ƙarshe kan batun.