Yadda shugabannin Amurka suke amfani da ikon afuwa ga masu laifi

A daidai lokacin da Shugaban Ƙasa Amurka Joe Biden yake ban-kwana da mulki ne ya yi afuwa ga sama da mutum 60, cikin har da ɗansa, Hunter.

Sai dai ba Biden ba ne wanda ya fara irin wannan afuwar, domin shugabannin ƙasar na bayan ma sun yi irin afuwar domin ba masu laifi damar gyara rayuwarsu, da ma amfani da damar domin kare na kusa da su.

A daidai lokacin da Donald Trump ke shirin komawa fadar White House, ya ce cikin ayyukansa na farko-farko akwai afuwa ga waɗanda aka kama da laifin kutsawa majalisar Amurka a watan Janairun 2021.

Ƙarfin ikon yin afuwa ga shugabannin ƙasa a rubuce yake a kundin tsarin mulkin ƙasar, sannan suna da ƙarfi idan aka kwatanta da sauran shugabannin wasu ƙasashen duniya.

Mene ne ƙarfin shugaban ƙasar Amurka na yi wa masu laifi afuwa?

An fayyace ƙarfin shugabannin ƙasar na yin afuwa a sashe na 2, sakin layi a II na kundin tsarin mulkin Amurka, inda a ciki aka ce shugaban ƙasa, "yana da ƙarfin ikon yin afuwa ga laifuka da suka shafi ƙasar Amurka, sai dai idan laifuka ne na tsige shugaba."

Shugaban ƙasa zai iya yin afuwa ga waɗanda suka karya dokokin gwamnatin tarayya da na soji, amma ba shi da iko kan laifukan da suka danganci jihohi.

An samu ƙarfin ikon ne daga "yafiyar tausayi" da sarakunan Burtaniya suke amfani da ita.

Wasu lokutan, sarakunan sun yi afuwa ga wasu mutane domin tausayi, wasu lokutan kuma sukan yi afuwar ga mutane ne domin a yayyafa wa wata matsalar ruwa.

"Gwanonin mulkin mallaka ma sun yi amfani da ƙarfin ikon a madadin Sarkin Burtaniya a Amurka kafin ƴancin kai," in ji Iwan Morgan, wanda farfesan tarihin Amurka ne a Jami'ar University College da ke Landan.

"Sai mazan jiya suka ga buƙatar a cigaba da tsarin."

A lokacin da ake tsara daftarin kundin tsarin mulkin Amurka, an yi muhawara a kan ko ƙarfin ikon yafiya zai fi kyau ne a hannun shugaban ƙasa ko majalisa.

Alexander Hamilton - sakataren kuɗi na farko na Amurka - ne ya buƙaci a ba shugaban ƙasa ƙarfin ikon maimakon majalisa.

Ya rubuta a kundin rubuce-rubucensa - rubucen-rubucen tsarin mulkin tarayya - cewa "mutum ɗaya zai fi dacewa da ƙarfin ikon nan maimakon a ba majalisa."

Ya kuma ce shugaban ƙasa zai fi bayar da afuwar cikin sauƙi domin a yayyafa wa wata matsala ruwa, saboda majalisa za ta ɗauki lokaci tana muhawata kafin yanke shawara.

Yaya shugabannin ƙasa na baya suka yi amfani da ƙarfin ikon afuwar?

George Washington, wanda shi ne shugaban Amurka na farko, shi ma ya yi afuwar domin a kwantar da hankali.

Ya yi afuwa ne ga mutum biyu da aka yanke wa hukuncin cin amanar ƙasa a zanga-zangar Whiskey a 1794. An yi zanga-zangar ce domin adawa da sabuwar dokar haraji a kan giya.

A shekarar 1868, Andrew Johson, ya yi yafiya ga shugaban ƙungiyar jihohi masu yunƙurin ɓallewa, Jefferson Davis, da wasu.

Amfani da ƙarfin ikon afuwa da ya fi jan hankali shi ne wanda Gerald Ford ya yi, inda a shekarar 1974 ya yi afuwa ga wanda ya gada, Richard Nixon, bayan ya yi murabus saboda laifin da aka zarge shi na badaƙalar Watergate. Ford ya ce ya yi hakan ne a kwantar da hankalin ƴan ƙasar.

"A wannan lokacin, an yi amfani da ƙarfin ikon shugaban ƙasar ne saboda wani laifi da wataƙila ya aikata, ba don laifin da aka same shi da shi ba," in ji Farfesa Morgan.

"Hakan na nufin ba za mu gane ko Nixon ya yi laifi ko bai yi ba."

A shekarar 2001, Shugaban Ƙasa Bill Clinton ya yi afuwa da ƙaninsa, Roger Clinton, bisa laifuffukan da ke da alaƙa da hodar iblis a shekarar 1985.

Clinton ya kuma yi afuwa ga ɗankasuwa, Marc Rich, wanda ake nema ruwa a jallo saboda zargin almundahana a Amurka da ƙin biyan haraji. Ya sanar da afuwar ne bayan matar Rich ta sanar da gudunmuwa mai yawa ga yaƙin zaɓensa.

Daga baya Clinton ya ce ya yi da-na-sanin afuwar, amma ya musanta cewa tallafin matar na cikin abubuwan da suka sa ya masa afuwar.

A zangon mulkinsa na farko, Donald Trump ya yi wa Charles Kushner afuwa, wanda mahaifin mijin ƴarsa ne bisa laifukan haraji.

Ya kuma yi afuwa da abokan siyasarsa, Steve Bannon, da Paul Manafort da Roger Stone, waɗana suka aikata laifuka daban-daban.

A Disamban 2024, Joe Biden ya yi wa ɗansa Hunter afuwa a daidai lokacin da yake jiran hukuncin laifuka biyu - alaƙa da ƙwaya da haraji.

Yaya ƙarfin ikon afuwa yake idan aka kwatanta da na wasu ƙasashe?

Ƙasashe da dama suna da dokokin da suke ba waɗanda suke kan madafun iko damar yin afuwa ga wadanda kotu ta samu da laifi, in ji Dr Novak.

"Kusan biyu bisa ukun ƙasashen da na duba, kundin tsarin mulkinsu ya ba shugabannin ƙasar yin afuwa."

A ƙasasha kamar India, shugaban ƙasar na yin afuwa ne tare da shawarar majalisar ministoci, sannan a wasu lokutan, ɓangaren shari'a kan bibiyi afuwar.

A Burtaniya, afuwar sarakuna ya koma hannun ministoci, kamar sakataren shari'a. An kuma kafa hukumar bibiyar manyan laifukan ƙasar a shekarar 1997 domin nazarin shari'o'in da ake tunanin ba a yi daidai ba, domin bayar da damar ɗaukaka ƙara.

Yaya shugabannin Amurka na baya suka sauya amfani da ƙarfin ikon afuwar?

A shekarar 1789, ƙa'idar ita ce babban jojin ƙasar da sakataren gwamnati ne za su fitar da jerin mutanen da suka cancanci afuwa, su miƙa ga shugaban ƙasa domin ya amince. Daga shekarar 1894, babban jojin ƙasar ne ke wannan aikin.

Amma a tun daga misalin shekara 100 da suka gabata, shugabannin ƙasar sun daƙile masu ƙananan laifi daga cin moriyar afuwar.

Franklin D Roosevelt ya yi afuwa da mutum 2,819 tsakanin shekarar 1933 zuwa 1945.

Harry Truman ya yi afuwa 1,913 tsakanin 1945 zuwa 1953.

George HW Bush ya yi afuwa 74 kawai a mulkinsa tsakanin 1989 zuwa 93.

Daga 2009 zuwa 2017, Barack Obama ya yi afuwa guda 212.

Donald Trump ya yi afuwa 143 tsakanin 2017 zuwa 2021.

Zuwa 13 ga Janairun 2025, Joe Biden ya yi afuwa ga mutum 65.

Dr Novak ya ce duk da cewa shugabanni irin su Bill Clinton da Joe Biden da Donald Trump ne suka yi afuwa kaɗan, sai dai sun yi afuwar ne ga mutane na kusa da su.

"Ina ma a ce sun yi afuwar ne domin tausayi ga ƙananan masu laifi, ba abokansu ko na kusa da su ba," in ji shi.