Ko Sahel ne yanki mafi hatsari a duniya?

Yankin na Sahel da ke nahiyar Afirka, shi ne "cibiyar ta'addanci ta duniya", kuma a karon farko yanzu shi ne "ke da fiye da rabi na yawan ayyukan da suka shafi ta'addanci a duniya baki ɗaya", a cewar alƙaluman Global Terror Index (GTI).

Sabon rahoton na 2024 ya ce "kashi 51 na dukkan mace-macen da ta'addanci ya haifar" sun faru ne a Sahel - ma'ana 3,885 na jimillar 7,555 da aka samu a faɗi duniya.

Rahoton na GTI ya ƙara da cewa yayin da aka samu raguwa a adadin na duniya daga 11,000 a 2015, adadin na Sahel ya ninka kusan sau 10 tun daga 2019 saboda yadda 'yanbindiga masu tsattsaruran ra'ayin Musulunci "ke ci gaba da sauya alƙibla" zuwa yankin.

Cibiyar Institute for Economics and Peace ce ta wallafa alƙaluman, wadda aikinta shi ne bincike kan zaman lafiyar duniya.

Yankin da ke kudu da hamadar Sahara, Sahel ya fara ne tun daga yammacin gaɓar ruwan Afirka zuwa gabashinta. Yadda GTI ya siffanta yankin ya ƙunshi wasu yankuna a ƙasashe 10 kamar: Burkina Faso, Mali, Nijar, Kamaru, Guinea, Gambia, Senegal, Najeriya, Chadi, Mauritania.

Yankin na cikin waɗnda suka fi kowanne yawan haihuwa a duniya, kuma kusan ɗaya cikin uku na al'ummarsa 'yan ƙasa da shekara 25 ne.

Ba kamar a ƙasashen Yamma ba inda "ake samun ƙaruwar ta'addanci na ɗaiɗaikun mutane", Sahel ya fuskanci ƙaruwar masu iƙirarin jihadi a ƙungiyance, a cewar rahoton. Ya ce akasarin hare-haren da ake kai wa ƙungiyoyi biyu ne ke yin su: Islamic State a Sahel da kuma Jama'at Nusrat al-Islam wal Muslimeen (JNIM) - mai alaƙa da al-Qaeda.

"Suna ƙoƙarin ƙirƙiro wata sabuwar hanya ce," kamar yadda Niagalé Bagayoko, shugabar cibiyar African Security Sector Network, ya bayyana. "Suna neman fara aiki da Shari'ar Musulunci ne."

Wajen yin hakan, a cewarta, "sai kuma suke cin karo da junansu" wajen iko da yankuna da kuma ma ƙarfin faɗa-a-ji.

Rahoton na cewa ƙungiyar IS-Sahel ta ninka yawan yankunan da take iko da su a Mali tun bayan juyin mulkin da aka yi na 2020 da 2021 - musamman a gabashi kusa da iyakarta da Burkina Faso da Nijar - yayin da JNIM ma ke ci gaba da faɗaɗa harkokinta, in ji rahoton wata tawagar Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya kan Mali.

Rahoton GTI ya ce ƙungiyoyin biyu sun ɗauki ƙarin mayaƙa aiki, inda IS ke ɗiba har da yara ƙanana.

"A wasu lokutan, mutane kan tsinci kansu a yanayin da ba su da zaɓi wajen shiga ƙungiyoyin ta'addanci," a cewar Beverly Ochieng, wani ƙwararre kan yankin ƙasashe rainon Faransa a cibiyar Africa Control Risks.

"Waɗannan wurare da suke cikin haɗari sosai."

Rahoton na GTI ya kuma yi bayani game da yadda rashin zaman lafiya a siyasance da ƙarancin kyakkyawan shugabanci ke ke haifar da yanayin da ke jawo ayyukan masu iƙirarin jihadi.

Akan yi wa Sahel laƙabi da "cibiyar juyin mulki ta Afirka". Tun daga 2020, an yi juyin mulki sau shida a yankin: biyu a Mali, biyu a Burkina, ɗaya a Guinea da Nijar. Yanzu sojoji ke mulkar duka waɗannan ƙasashe.

"Sahel ya fuskanci matsala a yanayin zamantakewa," a cewar Dr Folahanmi Aina, wani ƙwararre kan yankin jami'ar SOAS University da ke Landan.

"Tsawon shekaru da aka ɗauka na rashin kulawa daga 'yansiyasa waɗanda babu ruwansu da cigaban al'umma a shugabancinsu da kuma damuwar mutane, wanda hakan ke jawo ƙungiyoyin ta'addanci da ke fakewa da hakan."

A 2020, Burkina Faso ta zama "ƙasar da ta fi fama da hare-haren ta'addanci cikin shekara biyu a jere" in ji rahoton GTI. Tun da aka fara fitar da rahoton shekara 14 da suka wuce, ita kaɗai ce ƙasar da ta zama a saman jerin wadda ba Iraƙi ko Afghanistan ba.

Masu iƙirarin jihadi na ci gaba da ayyukansu a Sahel ne ta hanyar gudanar da harkokin da suka saɓa ƙa'ida, kamar garkuwa da mutane don neman kuɗin fansa, da satar shanu, in ji GTI.

Yankin ya kuma zama wata babbar hanya ta safarar miyagun ƙwayoyi kamar hodar ibilis daga Kudancin Amurka zuwa Turai, kuma rahoton ya ce "safarar miyagun ƙwayoyi na cikin sana'ao'in da suka fi kawo kuɗi da 'yanta'adda ke yi a Sahel".

Ya bayyana cewa wasu daga cikin ƙungiyoyin na gudun shiga harkokin kai-tsaye, "sai su dinga mayar da hankali wajen ɗora wa mutane haraji ko kuma su ce za su ba su tsaro su kuma su biya su".

"Wannan tsari ba kuɗi kawai yake samar musu ba, yana kuma taimaka wa ƙungiyoyin ƙara shiga cikin al'umma domin ƙara tasirinsu."

Haka nan, sukan yi rige-rigen neman iko da ma'adanai da ke yankin na Sahel. Nijar ce ƙasa ta bakwai mafi arzikin ma'adanin Uranium a duniya, da kuma ramukan haƙar zinare da babu dokoki a kansu da ke shimfiɗe a baki ɗayan yankin waɗanda IS-Sahel da JNIM ke amfana da su.

Bayan aukuwar juyin mulki na baya-bayan nan, gwamnatoci sun yanke alaƙa da ƙawayensu na Turai kamar Faransa da Amurka, zuwa wajen Rasha da China don neman agaji wajen yaƙi da 'yanbindiga.

"Yanzu muna ganin yadda Rasha ke ƙara samun iko a yankin da dakarunta na Africa Corps [Wagner a baya]," a cewar Ms Ochieng. "Aikinsu shi ne ba da horo da kuma taimaka wa sojojin ƙasashen don daƙile masu iƙirarin jihadi, amma har yanzu ba ta yi nasara ba."

Sakamakon haka, rahoton GTI ya yi gargaɗi cewa akwai yiwuwar lamarin ya tsallaka zuwa wasu ƙasashe maƙobta. Ta ce ma ƙila ya fara faruwa - Togo ta bayar da rahoton hare-hare 10 da mutuwar mutum 52 a 2024, mafi yawa tun da aka fara fitar da rahoton.