Ƙungiyoyin ƴanbindiga shida da ke addabar arewacin Najeriya

Yankin arewacin Najeriya ya shafe fiye da shekara 15 yana fama da ayyukan ungiyoyin masu auke makamai.

Ƙungiyoyi sun riƙa ƙaddamar da hare-hare da kashe fararen hula da jami'an tsaro ta hanyar da kuma sace mutane da dama domin neman kuɗin fansa.

Ayyukan wadannan ƙungiyoyin sun yi sanadin raba miliyoyin mutane da muhallansu.

A shekarun baya-bayan nan arewacin Najeriya ya fara fuskantar hare-haren ƙungiyoyin tun a farkon shekarar 2008, lokacin da ƙungiyar Boko Haram ta fara ƙaddamar da hare-hare a jihar Borno.

Jerin ƙungiyoyin da lokacin kafuwarsu

Akwai ƙungiyoyi aƙalla shida na masu ɗauke da makamai da ke ayyukansu na kai hare-hare a yankin arewacin Najeriya.

A wannan muƙala mun tattaro wasu ƙungiyoyi shida da suka shahara wajen ƙaddamar da hare-hare a yankin arewacin Najeriya, da kuma lokacin da ƙungiyoyin suka kafu.

Boko Haram (2002)

Asalin sunan ƙungiyar shi ne Jama'atu Ahlus Sunna Lida'awati Wal Jihad, kuma bincike ya tabbatar da cewa an kafa ta ne a 2002, a matsayin ƙungiyar matasa a jihohin Borno da Yobe, kamar yadda Dakta Kabiru Adamu Shugaban Kamfanin Beacon Security mai nazarin tsaro a yanken Sahel ya bayyana.

''Babbar manufarta ita ce kafa daular Musulunci a yankin Tafkin Chadi, abin da ya ƙunshi jihohin Borno da Yobe da wasu sassan ƙasashen Nijar da Chadi'', in ji shi.

Haka cikin manufofin ƙungiyar akwai adawa da duk wani abu da ya shafi karatun Boko da al'adun ƙasashen Yamma.

Ya ƙara da cewa a farko ƙungiyar ta fara amfani da salo na wa'azi da jan hankali, kafin komawa amfani da makamai.

Boko Haram, kamar yadda aka santa ta fara ƙaddamar da hare-hare a jihar Borno a shekarar 2008.

Shugaban ƙungiyar na farko shi ne Muhammad Yusuf, daga baya Shekau ya karɓa bayan mutuwarsa.

A shekarar 2014 ne ƙungiyar ta kai hari makarantar ƴanmatan Chibok tare da sace ɗalibai fiye da 200 kodayake daga baya an kuɓutar da mafi yawansu.

ISWAP (2016)

Ƙungiyar ISWAP ta kafu a shekarar 2016 bayan ɓallewa daga ƙungiyar Boko Haram da Shekau ke jagoranta

Ƙungiyar ta ɓalle ne sakamakon saɓanin ra'ayi tsakanin al-Qaeda da kuma IS, kamar yadda Dakta Kabiru Adamu ya bayyana.

''Aƙidarta ita ce kafa daular Musulunci, sannan tana bambanta mutanen da take kai wa hare-hare, saɓanin Boko Haram da ke kai wa kowa'', in ji shi.

Mutumin da ya jagoranci ƙungiyar na farko shi ne sheikh Abu Mus'ab Albarnawi, wanda aka yi imanin cewa shi ne babban ɗa ga Muhamamd Yusuf, shugaban ƙungiyar Boko Haram na farko.

Ƙarƙashin al-Barnawi, ISWAP ta yi ƙaurin suna wajen ƙaddamar da hare-hare musamman kan jami'an tsaron Najeriya da na ƙasashe makwabta.

Ansaru (2012)

Asalin sunanta shi ne Jama'atu Ansarul Muslimina fil Biladis - Sudan, a cewar Dakta Kabiru Adamu.

Ya ce an kafa ƙungiyar ne a 2012 a tsakanin jihohin Kaduna da Kano, kafin daga baya ta ƙarfafa ayyukanta a yankin arewa ta tsakiyar ƙasar.

''Manufarta kamar yadda take iƙirari ita ce kare martabar Musulmai a duniya, musamman a nahiyar Afirka da kuma yaƙi da al'adun Turawa da kare martabar Daular Usmaniyya'', in ji shi.

Ya ƙara da cewa ƙungiyar -ta masu iƙirarin jihadi - na da alaƙa da ƙungiyar al-Qaeda.

Shugaban ƙungiyar na farko shi ne Mahmud Muhammad Usman wanda aka fi sani da Abu Bara'a, wanda a baya-bayan nan hukumomin Najeriya suka kama, suka kuma yanke masa hukunci.

Ɗaya daga cikin manyan hare-haren da ƙungiyar ta ƙaddamar shi ne hari kan gidan yarin Kuje a 2022, tare da kuɓutar da mambobinta fiye da 600 da ke tsare a ciki.

Lakurawa (2018)

Dakta Kabiru Adamu ya ce ƙungiyar Lakurawa duk da cewa akwai saɓani kan lokacin da ta fara ɓulla, amma bincike masu yawa sun tabbatar da cewa ta fara ne a 2018.

Ya ce ƙungiyar na da alaƙa da ƙungiyoyin masu iƙirarin jihadi a yankin Sahel.

Ƙungiyar Lakurawa ta fara ɓulla ne a wasu yankunan jihar Sokoto da Kebbi a cewar Kabiru Adamu.

Masanin tsaron ya ce an yi imanin cewa an ɓullo da ƙungiyar ne da mufin kare al'ummar yankin daga hare-haren da ƴan fashin daji, daga baya suka fara ƙarfafa fahimtarsu ta ikirarin jihadi.

Mahmuda (2024)

Dakta Kabiru Adamu ya ce ƙungiyar ta ɓullo ne a 2024 a jihohin Neja da Kwara da ke yankin tsakiyar Najeriya.

Masanin tsaron ya ce ƙungiyar na da alaƙa da wasu garuruwan Jamhuriyar Benin da ke iyaka da jihar Kwara.

Ya ce ƙungiyar na amfani da salon kai hare-hare kan ƙauyuka da sace dabbobi tare da aza wa mutane haraji.

''ƙungiyar na da alaƙa da ƙungiyar Ansaru da kuma al-Qaeda'', in ji shi.

Ƴanfashin daji/Masu garkuwa da mutane (2010)

Dakta Kabiru Adamu ya ce kodayake ƙungiyoyin suna da yawa kuma ba sa aiki ne ƙarƙashin jagoranci guda.

Ya ce ƙungiyoyin ba wanda zai iya bugar ƙirji ya bayyana adadinsu, saboda a kodayaushe cikin ɓallewa suke.

Sai dai ya ce mafi yawa waɗannan ƙungiyoyi sun fara ɓulla ne a 2010 a wasu yankunan jihar Zamfara, kafin daga baya su watsu zuwa sassan arewaci.

Masanin tsaron ya ce manufar waɗannan ƙungiyoyi ta bambanta daga wuri zuwa wuri, sai dai galibi sun fi alaƙanta matsalar da rashin ba su damar mallakar fili da ƙwace musu wuraren kiwo da hana su walwala da sauransu.

Fitattun jagororin ire-iren waɗannan ƙungiyoyi sun haɗa da Bello Turji da Ado Aliero da Dogo Giɗe, da kuma wasu daga cikin wadanda aka kashe irin su Buharin Daji da Halilou Sububu.

Me ya sa ƙungiyoyin ke ayyukansu a arewa?

Duk da cewa akan samu matsalar ƴanbindiga a kudancin Najeriya, amma mafi yawa ba su fiya yin tasiri ba, kuma mafi akasarinsu na ƙabilanci ne, ko dabanci, don haka ba su fiya yin ɓarna a yankin kamar na arewaci ba.

Dakta Kabiru Adamu ya ce abin da ya sa ƙungiyoyin ƴanbindigar suka fi yawa a arewaci yana da alaƙa da matsalar ɗumamar yanayi da rashin aikin yi da rashin ilimi da yankin arewacin ƙasar ke fama da shi.

"Akwai ɗumamar yanayi da gusowar hamada da ƙafewar tafkin Chadi da sauran tekuna da ke yankin arewacin ƙasar,''.

Haka kuma masanin harkokin tsaro ya ce wasu dalilan da suka sa yankin arewacin ya fi kudanci matsalar ƴanbindiga shi ne yawaitar dazuka da tsaunuka waɗanda yawanci babu ikon gwamnati a wuraren, wanda hakan ya sa ƴanbindiga ke iya samun damar kafa sansani a wuraren.

Dakta Kabiru ya ƙara da cewa sauyin yanayin ne ya taimaka wajen ta'azzarar matsalar rikicin manoma da makiyaya.

"Akwai kuma matsalolin da ke faruwa na yaƙe-yaƙe a ƙasashen da suke maƙwabtaka da Najeriya ta arewaci, musamman a ƙasashen Sahel irin su Libya da Mali da ma Sudan waɗanda dukkansu sun yi fama da yaƙi''.

Ya ce lokacin rikicin da aka samu a Libya lokacin da aka kifar da gwamnatin Muhammar Gaddafi, an samu rahotonnin fasa rumbun ajiyar makaman ƙasar, tare da kwasarsu.

''Kuma mafi yawanci makaman yammacin Afirka aka kawo su, inda Najeriya ta samu kaso mai yawa daga ciki," kamar yadda ya shaida wa BBC.

Me ya kamata jihohin arewa su yi?

Dakta Kabiru Adamu ya ce ya kamata jihohin arewacin ƙasar su ɗauki matakan kare yankin daga matsalar ƙungiyoyin ƴanbindiga.

Masanin tsaron ya zayyano wasu matakai uku da ya ce an riga an ɗauka domin daƙile matsalar.

"Waɗannan tanade-tanaden duk jihar da ke son yaƙi da ta'addanci ba sai ta ƙirƙiri wata sabuwa ba, domin tuni an riga an tanade su a matakin ƙasa'', in ji shi.

Ya ƙara da cewa abin da kawai jiha ke buƙata shi ne haɗa kai da gwamnatin tarayya da wasu ƙungiyoyin duniya irin su bankin duniya, domin amfana da tsarukan.

Masanin tsaron ya ƙara da cewa majalisar ƙasa da ta jihohi suna da rawar da za su taka domin tabbatar da ɓangaren zartarwa suna amfani da tanade-tanaden.

Ya ce a ƙarƙashin waɗannan tanade-tanaden, akwai abubuwa biyar da ake so a cimmawa waɗanda ya zayyano su: