Ingene abanyagihugu baharuruka imihari yagwaniye ukwibohora

Umuhari wa mbere wa kera wagwaniye ukwibohora muri Afrika ubu ntiworohewe na gato kandi ushobora kuba uri mu nzira iyindi mihari nk'iyo yafashe hirya ni hino muri Afrika.

ANC (Africa National Congress) -yashinzwe muri Afrika y'Epfo haraheze imyaka irenga 100 - iherutse gutakaza ubwiganze mu nama nshingamateka ubwa mbere mu myaka 30, n'ubwo ukiri umugambwe wa mbere ukomeye mu gihugu.

Biteye kubiri n'uko vyahora, uko biboneka, abantu benshi ntibagishaka guha amajwi uwo mugambwe wa Nelson Mandela batiriwe barabanza kwiyumvira cane kubera wabakuyeko intwaro y'ivanguramoko.

Ivyo vyibutsa izimangana ry'iyindi migambwe yagwanije ubukoroni hanyuma igashika ku butegetsi ariko mu nyuma ikizizirwa n'ibiturire, aka mwana wa mama gushika aho abanyagihugu baruha bagashavura bakifuza ko ibuntu bihinduka.

Imwe muri iyo mihari ikiri ku butegetsi muri Afrika y'ubumanuko yagirizwa ko ibugumako kubera ukwiba amatora.

''Vyanka bikunda abantu baragera aho batangura kwifuza ko ibintu bihinduka'', bivugwa na David Soler Crespo yashinze ikigo Africa Mundi, akaba yaranditse ku ''gupfa buke buke kw'imihari yagwaniye ukwibohora''.

''Ntibishoboka ko umugambwe umwe ushobora kuguma utorwa mu buryo bwa demokarasi imyaka 100.''

Ariko, yarashoboye kuguma ku butegetsi, irashinga imizi mu butegetsi no mu mitima y'abanyagihugu.

Mu gihe abo mw'iyo mihari bariko barava mu buzima bwo mw'ishamba binjira mu butegetsi, baje biyerekana nk'aho ari bo bonyene bashoboye gutwa.

Imihari yabo bayifatanije n'ubuzima bw'igihugu gushika aho bisigara bigoye gutandukanye umugambwe n'igihugu.

Muri Namibia, amajambo ''Swapo ni igihugu, naco igihugu ni Swapo'' yakoreshwa igihe yariko iragwanya apartheid ku ntwaro ya Afrika y'Epfo, n'ubu aracakora.

Wihweje mu karere, usanga abakozi bakuru bakuru muri reta na cane cane mu nzego zijejwe umutekano no mu binyamakuru vya reta akenshi baba ari abahoze mu migwi yagwana, bashobora kuba bashira imbere kuyoboka umugambwe kurusha igihugu.

''Nta murongo uhari hagati y'umugambwe n'igihugu. Birenze kuba umugambwe, ni urusobane (systeme), nk'uko Crespo avuga.

Kandi iragi ryo kwibihora usanga ryarashinze imizi mu mico y'akarere, inkuru z'urugamba usanga ziyagwa mu miryango no mu binyamakuru vy'ibihugu, zikaguma zibutsa abanyagihugu ingenge ukwishira n'ukwizana kwabo kwarwaniwe bikomeye.

Indirimbo zo kwibohora n'ivyivugo vyo mu ntambara biraririmbwa mu mashure, n'aho no mu nkino.

Kugira abanyagihugu bave inyuma y'umugambwe wagwaniye kwibohora biva kure cane. Ariko bitebe bitebuke biraba.

''Abantu ntibakigendera kuri kahise iyo bagiye gutora,'' niko umunya-Namibia w'umuhinga mu mibano Ndumba Kamwanyah yabwiye BBC, ariko arihweza ingene Swapo iguma itakaza abayishigikiye, inyuma y'imyaka irenga 30 iri ku butegetsi.

Myinshi muri iyo migambwe yatanguye kugendera ku vyiyumviro vy'isabikanywa ry'ivyo igihugu gitunze (idéologies socialistes/socialist idealogies) ariko uko umwanya wahaca niko itari ikiri muri iyo nzira gushika aho abanyagihugu basigara bibaza niba koko bariko baraharonkera akunguko mu buryo bungana.

Umwe mu mihari ya mbere yaharaniye ukwikurira muri Afrika y'ubumanuko mu kubona ko kahise kataguma gakora ni Unip (United National Independence Party ) wo muri Zambia, washitse ku butegetsi mu 1964 igihugu kivuye mu bukoroni bw'Ubwongereza.

Hagati y'imyaka ya 1970 na 1980 watwaye igihugu nk'uko woba wari wo mugambwe wonyene wemewe n'amategeko, ugiwe imbere na Kenneth Kaunda yashikanye igihugu ku ntahe yo kwikukira. Ariko uko imyaka yagiye irahera niko abanyagihugu baguma barushiriza kutishimira intwaro hanyuma mu 1990 haraduka imyiyerekano irimwo intureka ku murwa mukuru Lusaka, haranaba kugerageza gutembagaza ubutegetsi.

Umwaka ukurikira, amatora ya mbere y'imigambwe myinshi mu myaka irenga 20 yatumye perezida Kaunda atsindwa na Frederick Chiluba. Unip, umugambwe wigeze kuba ari wo wonyene wiganje mu gihugu, ubu warazimanganye.

Imigambwe nk'iyo muri Angola, Namibia na Zimbabwe iracari ku butegetsi ariko yose iramaze gutakaza cane abayishigikiye n'abayiha amajwi mu matora rusangi.

Muri Namibia, umwaka 2019 ntiwabaye mwiza na gato kuri Swapo kuko watakaje ubwiganze bwawo bwa 2/3 mu nama nshingamateka.

Mu matora y'umukuru w'igihugu, Hage Geingob nawe nyene yaratakaje amajwi cane yavuye ku 87% mu 2014 akorokera ku 56%.

Mu mwaka ukirira, Swapo yatakaje amajwi ku rugero rutari bwigere rubaho mu matora y'intara n'ay'amakomine.

Umwigisha Kamwanyah, yari mu bamamaza uwo mugambwe haraheze imyaka irenga 30, avuga ko n'ubu afise icubahiro ku ntwaro z'imigambwe yagwaniye ukwibohora, ariko akavuga ko ababazwa n'uko ibintu vyifashe ubu.

''Ivyo umugambwe uriko urakora ntaho bihuriye n'ivyatumye abanyagihugu bapfira iki gihugu,'' niko iyo ncabwenge ya kaminuza ivuga.

Muri Namibia amatora ategekanijwe mu kwezi kwa Munyonyo (11) kandi hari abibaza ko Swapo izoshikirwa n'ivyashikiye ANC.

''Nibaza ko Swapo izotsinda, ariko nta bwiganze izoronka,'' ku bwa Kamwanyah.

Ndiilokelwa Nthengwe, umugore w'imyaka 26 aharanira uburenganzira, avuga ko urunganwe rw'ubu rutabona ibintu kumwe n'urwa kera.

''Ivyo dushira imbere ku runganwe rwacu ntibijanye na reta,'' nk'uko yabwiye BBC.

Abakiri bato bashira imbere kungana kw'abagore n'abagabo, akazi hamwe no kwitabwaho mu magara.

''Ico abakiri bato bashaka conyene ni impinduka, impinduka, n'impinduka zirushirije.''

Ariko mu gihe Namibia na Afrika y'Epfo, bibonwa nk'ibigendera kuri demokarasi, imigambwe iri ku butegetsi muri Zimbabwe, Angola na Mozambique yagirizwa kudaha ikibanza abatavuga rumwe na yo kugira yumire kuri ubwo butegetsi.

Kwiba amatora, kuzimanganya imigambwe itavuga rumwe na yo no gutera ubwoba abatora biri mu bivugwa ko ari amwe mu mayeri ikoresha.

Adriano Nuvunga, umukuru w'intumwa zikurikirana amatora Southern Defenders Observer Mission, amaze imyaka 20 akurikirana amatora yo muri Mozambique.

''Amatora yose nakurikiranye kuva mu 1999 yarimwo ubusuma,'' niko Nuvunga avuga.

Avuga ko yabonye kandi ugutera ubwoba abatora hamwe no guhindura impapuro abantu batoreyeko.

Muri Zimbabwe mu 2008 Amnesty International yaratohoje ku bwicanyi ndengerabutungane, kuboreza igufa n'ayandi mabi yakorewe abatavuga rumwe n'ubutegetsi hagati y'incuro ya mbere n'incuro ya kabiri y'amatora y'umukuru w'igihugu. Ku bisanzwe amatora yo muri Zimbabwe yama avugwa ko yabayemwo ibibazo bene ivyo, n'ubwo ivyo vyama biriko birahakanwa n'umugambwe uri ku butegetsi, Zanu-PF.

Inyuma y'amatora yo mu 2022 muri Angola, ibihumbi n'ibihumbi vy'abantu barihereje amabarabara biyamiriza ubusuma bavuga ko bwari bwabaye.

Uko iyo migambwe yagwaniye ukwibohora imara imyaka myinshi ku butegetsi, niko irushiriza kwagirizwa ibiturire, aka mwana wa mama no kudatwara ku nyungu z'abanyagihugu.

Chris Hani, intwari ya Afrika y'Epfo mu kurwanya intwaro ya apertheid, yari yabibonye kare igihe yavuga ati: '' Aho mfise ubwoba n'uko ababohoye [igihugu] baca baba ibihangange bigendera muri za Mercedes Benz hanyuma bagokoresha uburyo bw'iki gihugu kugira babe mu mazu meza meza cane bongere begaranye itunga.''

Umwe mu babagwanye uruganba rwo kwibohora muri Zimbabwe atashimye ko izina ryiwe rimenyekana, yabwiye BBC ko myinshi muri iyo mihari n'imigambwe itaronse umwanya ukwiye wo kubona uko ibintu bitegerezwa kugenda.

Avuga ko Abanyaburaya baciye mu ntwaro z'umukazo imyaka amajana ariko bararuha barabikuramwo icigwa hanyuma barahindura.

''Abo muri izo reta zavuye muri iyo mihari baracariko bararondera kugarura umwanya batakaje mw'isi itari ibagenewe,'' nk'uko avuga.

Kwikurako intwaro za gikoroni n'inkehwa z'abazungu ntivyari vyoroshe, ariko gutwara navyo bijana no guhangana n'ibindi bibazo bitoroshe.

Kurongora umuhari ugwanira impinduka bisaba guhagarara ku ntumbero imwe kandi ukaguma uyoboka uwo murongo, mu gihe gutwara igihugu bikenera kurushiriza kworoha, gukorana n'abandi hamwe no kugira ubushobozi bwo gukorera inyungu z'imice itandukanye y'abanyagihugu.

Imwe muri iyo mihari n'imigambwe ivyo vyarayinaniye, kandi ishobora kuba ata mwanya igisigaranye.

Ariko Crespo abona ko hamwe iyo migambwe yosubira ku ntumbero zayishikanye ku butegetsi, ikumviriza abakiri bato hanyuma igasubira kwibona ico iri, ishobora kumara ikindi gihe ku butegetsi.