Qian Xuesen: Mutumin da Amurka ta kora ya koma China ya ƙera mata makamai

Wani masanin kimiyya ya taimaka wa manyan kasashe biyu kai wa ga duniyar wata, amma kuma kasa ɗaya ce kawai ke tunawa da shi.

A birnin Shanghai akwai ɗaukacin wurin ajiyar kayan tarihi da ke cike da zane-zane 70,000 da aka sadaukar ga mutum guda, ''masanin kimiyya mai farin jinin jama'a'' Qian Xuesen.

Qian shi ne jagoran shirin makamai masu linzami da na sararin samaniya na kasar China.

Bincikensa ya taimaka wajen kirkirar kumbunan tashi zuwa sama jannati da ya harba tauraron dan adam na kasar China na farko zuwa sararin samaniya, da kuma makaman masu linzami da suka zama daya daga cikin bangaren ajiyar makaman nukiliyarta, kuma ana daukarsa a matsayin wani jan gwarzo a akasar.

Amma kuma a wata babbar kasar, inda ya yi karatu ya kuma yi aiki na fiye da shekaru goma, ba a cika tunawa da gagarumar gudumawarsa ba ko kadan.

An haifi Qian a shekara ta 1911, a kasar China. Iyayensa duka biyu masu ilimi ne, kuma mahaifinsa bayan ya yi aiki a kasar Japan, ya kafa tsarin ilimi na kasa a kasar ta China.

A bayyane ta ke cewa tun daga farko Qian ya tashi da wata baiwa ne, kuma ya kammala karatu da sakamako mafi girma a cikin ajinsu a jami'ar Shanghai Jiao Tong, in da ya samu tallafin karatun zuwa cibiyar nazarin fasahar zamani ta Massechussets ta Amurka (MIT) da ba a cika samu ba.

A shekarar 1935 wani siririn matashi mai sanye da tufafi masu kyau ya iso birnin Boston. Me yiwuwa Qian ya fuskanci nuna kyamar wanda ba dan kasa ba da na wariyar launin fata, in ji Chris Jespersen, Farfesan mai nazarin tarihi a jami'ar North Georgia.

Amma kuma akwai "batun son kai da tunanin cewa kasar China na kara sauyawa ta fuskar cigaba," kuma tabbas zai iiya zama cikin fitattun mutane da ke mutunta basirarsa.

Daga cibiyar MIT, Qian ya koma cibiyar fasaha ta birnin California (Caltech), don yin nazari a karkashin daya daga cikin injiniyoyin jiragen sama masu fada a ji, dan kasar Hungari émigré, Theodore von Karman.

A can ne Qian ya zauna a ofishi daya da wani fitaccen masanin kimiyya, Frank Malina, wanda jigo ne a tawagar masu bincike kan kunar bakin wake.

Kumbon kimiyya

Tawagar ta samu wannan suna ne saboda yunkurinsu na kera kumbo a harabar makaranta, kuma saboda wasu daga cikin ayyukan binciken kimiyyarsu da sinadarai masu bace wa ya gamu da cikas, in ji Fraser Macdonald, wani marubuci kan wani fim mai suna 'Escape from Earth: A Secret History of the Space Rocket." Duk da cewa babu wanda ya mutu.

Wata rana ne ya shiga cikin wata tattaunawa kan wani aikin lissafi mai sarkakiya da Malina da sauran 'yan tawagarsu, kafin ka ce wani abu ya taka babbar rawa a wajen binciken yadda za a kera kumbon da kuma yadda zai tashi zuwa sararin samaniya.

A wannan lokaci, kumbon kimiyya ya zama wani abin ba'a. Macdonald ya ce. "Babu wanda ke daukar shi da muhimmanci - babu wani injiniyan da zai saka kasadar yada mutuntakarsa wajen fadar cewa wannan ita ce makoma."

Amma nan da nan Abubuwa suka sauya saboda fara yakin duniya na biyu.

Qian dan asalin kasar China ne, amma kuma Jamhuriyar kasar ta China kawa ce ga Amurka, don haka babu wani ''gagarumin zargi game da masana kimiyyar kasar China a cibiyar sararin samaiyar Amurka," in ji Fraser Macdonald.

An bai wa Qian takardar izini ta tsaro, don ya gudanar da aikin bincike kan wasu makamai na musamman, kuma har ya yi aiki da hukumar bayar da shawarwari kan kimiyya ta gwamnatin Amurka.

Bayan da aka kawo karshen yakin ne, ya zama daya daga cikin fitattun masana kan harba kumbo a duniya, kuma an tura shi tare da Theodore von Karman wurin wani gagarumin aiki a kasar Jamus, rike da mukamin wucin gadi na laftanal Kanal.

Burinsu shi ne, su tattauna da injiniyoyin Nazi, da suka hada da Wernher von Braun, wani jagoran masana kimiyyar harba kumbo na kasar Jamus;

Amurka na bukatar gano takamaimen abin da Jamus ta sani.

Amma daga bisani gagarumin aikin da Qian ya gudanar Amurka ya gamu da cikas, sannan rayuwarsa ta soma zama cikin hadari.

Tuhumar da aka yi wa Qian na da nasaba da wasu kasidun jam'iyar kwaminisanci ta Amurka da suka bayyana a shekara ta 1938, da ke nuna cewa ya halarci taron da hukumar bincken laifuka ta FBI ta yi zargin taro ne na jam'iyar Pasadena Communist.

Duk da cewa Qian ya musanta zargin zama dan jam'iyar, wani sabon bincike ya nuna cewa ya shiga ne a daidai lokacin Frank Malina a shekara ta 1938.

Daurin Talala

Zuoyue Wang, Farfesan tarihi a jami'ar jihar California ya ce babu wata shaida da ta nuna cewa Qian ya taba yi wa kasar China leken asiri, ko kuma shi dan leken asiri ne a lokacin da yake Amurka.

Don haka aka kwace takardar izinin gudanar da binciken da aka ba shi, aka kuma yi masa daurin talala.

Abokan aikinsa na cibiyar Caltech da suka hada da Theodore von Karman, sun rubuta wa gwamnati suna rokon ta da kuma nuna cewa Qian ba shi da laifi, amma haka ba ta cimma ruwa ba.

A shekarar 1955, lokacin da Qian ya shafe shekaru biyar cikin daurin talala, shugaba Eisenhower ya yanke shawarar tasa keyarsa zuwa gida kasar China.

Masanin kimiyyar ya bar Amurka tare da matarsa da 'yayansu biyu da suka haifa a Amurka a cikin jirgin ruwa, yana mai shaida wa manema labarai cewa ba zai sake taka kafarsa zuwa Amurka ba. Ya kuma rike alkawarinsa.

"Ya kasance daya daga cikin fitattun masana kimiyya a Amurka. Ya bayar da gagarumar gudumawa, kuma ya ci gaba da bayar da gudumawar tasa sosai. Don haka, ba wai wulakanci ba ne kawai ba, har ma da alamun cin amana,'' in ji dan jarida kuma marubuci, Tianyu Fang.

Qian ya isa kasar China a matsayin gwarzo, amma ba a yi saurin saka shi a cikin jam'iyar kwaminisanci ta kasar China ba.

Matarsa diyar wani fitaccen mutum ne a kasar, kuma kafin Qian ya yi faduwar bakar tasa yana zaune ne cikin farin ciki a Amurka - har ya fara yunkurin neman takardar iznin zama dan kasa.

A lokacin da ya zama dan jam'iya a shekara 1958, ya karbe ta hannu biyu, kuma ya rika kokarin ganin yana bin bangaren gaskiya.

Lokacin da ya isa kasar China, akwai fahimta kadan game da batun kumbon kimiyya, amma bayan shekaru 15 ya jagoranci kaddamar da tauraron dan adam na farko a sararin samaniya.

A cikin shekaru da dama, ya horar da matasa masu nazarin kimiyya, kuma aikinsa ya kafa tubali ga kasar China wajen aike wa mutane zuwa duniyar wata.

Yanzu haka, akwai rashin jituwa sosai tsakanin kasashen China da Amurka.

Wannan karon ba game da batun ra'ayi ba ne, amma game da harkar kasuwanci, damuwa game da harkar tsaro, da kuma gazawar kasar China - bayan da shugaba Donald Trump ya ce - ya kamata a kara kaimi wajen shawo kan annobar cutar korona.

Yayin da Amurkawa da dama ba su da wata masaniya game da rawar da Qian ya taka a shirin Amurka na sarararin samaniya, Tianyu Fang ya ce 'yan kasar China mazauna Amurka da dama da daliban kasar China a Amurka, ba su san komai game da shi ba, da kuma dalilan da suka sa ya bar Amurka.

"Dangantakar Amurka da China ta kara tabarbarewa sosai, sun kuma san cewa za su iya fuskantar irin zargin da Qian ya fuskanta," in ji shi.

A lokacin da kasar China ta fara bunkasa ta fannin tattalin arziki a doron kasa da kuma sararin samaniya, Qian na daga cikin wadanda suka kawo wannan sauyi. Amma kuma ya kamata a ce labarinsa ya kasance mafi girma a Amurka ita ma - inda hazaka da basira a duk inda ta ke, za ta yi tasiri.

A bara, lokacin da kasar China ta kafa wani tarihi bayan da ta sauka a duniyar wata, ta yi hakan ne da sunan Von Karman , injiniyan jirgin sama, wanda shi ne ya koyar da Qian.