Me ya haddasa yaki a Afghanistan?

Shugaba Donald Trump na Amurka ya yi watsi da batun tataunawar zaman lafiya da kungiyar masu tayar da kayar baya ta Taliban, bayan da tun farko ya amince su zauna a teburin tattaunawa.

Ko me yasa Amurka ta dauki tsawon lokaci tana yaki da masu tayar da kayar baya a kasar Afghanistan?

A ranar 11 ga watan Satumbar 2001, kusan mutum 3,000 ne suka halaka sakamakon harin da aka kaddamar.

Sai dai daga bisani an ayyana cewa jagoran mayakan kungiyar Al-Qaeda Osama Bin Laden na da hannu a harin.

Mayakan kungiyar ta Taliban sun yi kememen mika shi ga kasar Amurkan, inda su ka ci gaba da bashi kariya.

Amma bayan wata guda da kaddamar da harin ranar 11 ga watan Satumbar ne, kasar ta kaddamar da harin sama a kasar Afghanistan.

Yayin da wasu kasashen suka marawa Amurka baya a yakin, tuni aka kawar da kungiyar Taliban daga kan mulki.

Sai dai duk da hakan basu bace kamar yadda aka so ba, tasirin su ya ci gaba da karuwa kamar yadda suka ci gaba da yunkurin mamaye kasar.

Tun daga wancan lokaci ne, Amurka da kawayenta suke ta fafutukar ganin cewa gwamnatin kasar ta Afghanistan ba ta durkushe ba ta hanyar dakile hare-haren da mayakan na Taliban ke kai wa.

A jawabin shugaban Amurka na wancan lokaci George W. Bush lokacin da ya sanar da harin farko da kasar ta kai kan mayakan na Taiban ranar 7 ga watan Oktoban 2001, cewa ya yi "Ba mu nemi wannan manufa ba, amma za mu cimmata."

Mista Bush ya ce harin da suka kai ramuwar gaya ce kan harin da aka kaddamar wa Amurka ranar 11 ga watan Satumba, wanda ya kashe mutum 2,977 a biranen New York, Washington da Pennsylvania.

A cewar sa manufar kai harin ita ce "rushe ayyukan mayakan na Taliban da karfin sojinsu, yayin da suke kokarin mayar da kasar ta Afghanistan a matsayin wani babban sansaninsu na shirya hare-haren ta'addanci."

An kaddamar da harin farko ne kan wani sansanin soji na kungiyar Taliban, wadda ta dauki tsawon lokaci tana mulkin kasar.

Sai kuma harin da aka kaddamar a wani sansanin atisaye na mayakan kungiyar Al-Qaeda da ke biyayya ga Osama Bin Laden.

Amurka ta cimma manufarta bayan da ta dauki tsawon shekaru 18 tana kai ruwa rana da mayakan na Taliban.

Kungiyar Taliban ta karbe ikon babban birnin kasar Kabul a shekarar 1996, inda ta mulki da dama daga cikin yankunan kasar cikin shekaru biyu.

Sun bi tsarin addinin Islama ne na zartar da hukunci a bainar jama'a a wancan lokaci.

A tsakanin wata biyu, Amurka da kawayen hadi da kasar ta Afghanistan suka dauka suna kaddamar da hare-hare.

Hakan ta sanya gwamnatin Taliban ta rushe yayin da mayakanta suka tsere zuwa kasar Pakistan.

An kafa sabuwar gwamnatin da ke samun goyon bayan Amurka a shekarar 2004, amma har yanzu Taliban na samun tallafi a wasu yankuna da ke iyakar Pakistan.

Sannan tana samun makudan kudade daga hada-hadar miyagun kwayoyi, hakar ma'adanai da dai sauran su.

Yayin da kungiyar ta ci gaba da kai hare-haren kunar bakin wake, dakarun sojin kasa-da-kasa da ke aiki tare da gwamnatin Afghanistan na kokarin dakile ayyukan mayakan da ke cigaba da kasancewa barazana.

A lokacin da aka kawo karshen zubar da jinin da ya daidaita al'ummar Afghanistan a shekarar 2014, wanda yayi mafari tun bayan harin 11 ga watan Satumbar 2001 da aka kai wa Amurka ya kai ga kungiyar tsaro ta NATO ta girke dakarun yakin ta a kasar har sai baba ta gani, daga bisani sun fice daga kasar.

Kungiyar NATO ta ce ganin al'amura sun daidaita ne ya sanya ta janye dakarun nata, sai dai sojojin kasar ta Afghanistan za su cigaba da yakar ayyukan kungiyar.

Amma hakan ya bawa kungiyar Taliban cikakkiyar damar sake kwace ikon wasu yankunan kasar, a gefe guda kuma sun ci gaba da dasa bama-bamai a kan gine-ginen gwamnati da na fararen hula.

A bara ne BBC ta gano cewa kungiyar Taliban na gudanar da ayyukanta kashi 70 cikin 100 a bayyane a kasar Afghanistan.

Daga ina kungiyar Taliban ta fito?

Kasar Afghanistan ta dauki tsawon shekaru 20 tana fama da rikice-rikice tun ma kafin Amurka ta mamaye ta.

A 1979, wato shekara guda bayan juyin mulki, sojojin tarayyar Soviet suka mamaye Afghanistan domin tallafawa gwamnatin gurguzu.

Lokacin da aka yi yaki kungiyoyin 'yan ta'adda da ake kira da Mujahideen, wadanda ke samun goyon bayan kasashen Amurka da Pakistan da China da Saudiyya da dai sauran su.

A 1989, sojojin tarayyar Soviet sun janye daga kasar, sai dai duk da hakan yakin basasar kasar ya ci gaba da faruwa.

Ta dalilin hakan ne aka samu bullowar kungiyar Taliban, ("dalibai" kenan a harshen kabilar "Pashto").

Kungiyar ta fara suna ne a iyakar arewacin Pakistan da kuma kudu maso yammacin Afghanistan a shekarar 1994.

A wancan lokaci sun sha alwashin yakar cin hanci da rashawa da kuma inganta tsaro a kasar, a dai-dai lokacin da al'ummar kasar ta fara gajiya da ayyukan kungiyoyin Mujahideen da ya ki ci ya ki cinyewa yayin yakin basasa.

Ana tsammanin cewa 'yan Taliban sun fara bayyana a makarantun addini, wadanda galibi suke samun tallafi daga kasar Saudiyya, suna kuma gudanar da wa'azi bisa tafarkin addinin Islama.

A wancan lokacin sun kaddamar da shirin shari'ar musulunci, inda suka gabatar da tsauraran hukunce-hukunce da sunan musulunci.

Dole ne maza su tara gemu inda aka tilastawa mata rufe fuskokin su.

Kungiyar Taliban ta haramta kallon talabijin, jin kida ko waka, halartar gidajen kallo da kuma haramta karatun 'ya'ya mata.

Saboda irin tallafi da kuma kariyar da kungiyar Taliban ke bawa Al-Qaeda ne ya sanya kasar Amurka da 'yan koren ta suka fara kaddamar mata da hare-hare a wani bangare na ramuwar gayyar harin ranar 11 ga watan Satumba.

Ko me yasa yakin ya dauki tsawon lokaci?

Akwai dalilai da dama kan wannan batu, da suka hada da tsatssauran ra'ayi na kungiyar Taliban- kama daga matakin soji da kuma mu'amalarsu da gwamnatin kasar hadi da sauran kasashe, musamman yadda suka yadda suka rika janye sojojinsu daga kasar sakamakon matsalar mayakan.

A wasu lokutan cikin shekaru 18 da suka gabata kungiyar ta fuskanci matsin lamba.

Kamar yadda a karshen shekara ta 19, Shugaba Barrack Obama na kasar Amurka ya sanar da cewa dakarun sojin Amurka sama da 100,000 ne aka girke a kasar Afghanistan.

Kamar yadda rahotanni suka tabbatar girke jami'an sojin na Amurka ya taimaka wajen fatattakar mayakan kungiyar daga wasu sassan kudancin kasar, sai dai duk da hakan ba'a dauki wasu tsawon shekaru ba aka koma gidan jiya.

Sakamakon haka ne kuma kungiyar ta sake kafuwa.

Lokacin ne dakarun kasa-da-kasa suka sakarwa sojojin Afghanistan akalar ci gaba da yakar mayakan. Sai dai gwamnatin kasar wacce ke cike da rarrabuwar kawuna ta fuskanci kalubale da dama wajen dakile ayyukan kungiyar.

A gefe guda kuma ana ganin rawar da makwabciyar kasar wato Pakistan ta taka shi ma ya janyo tabarbarewa al'amarin.

Duk da cewa babu wata alamar tambaya da ke nuna cewa ko kungiyar Taliban na da alaka da kasar Pakistan din, kuma ko sun samu damar kara kafa kan su a kasar lokacin da Amurka ta mamaye Afghanistan.

A wancan lokacin dai Pakistan din ta musanta cewa tana tallafawa ko kuma bai wa kungiyar kariya, duk da cewa kasar Amurka ta bukace ta da ta tashi tsaye wajen yakar ayyukan ta'addancin kungiyar.

Wakilin BBC Dawood Azami ya ce akwai manyan dalilai biyar da suka sa har yanzu ake ci gaba da yakin har yanzu. Sun hada da:

Akwai kuma rawar da Pakistan, wato makwafciyar Afghanistan ke takawa.

Babu shakka, Taliban sun kafu a Pakistan kuma sun yi nasarar sabunta ayyukansu a lokacin da Amurka ta shiga Afghanistan.

Amma Pakistan ta musanta taimakawa ko bai wa Taliban kariya- duk da Amurka ta bukaci ta kara kaimi wajen yaki da 'yan bindigar.

Ta yaya Taliban ta yi nasarar kafa kanta sosai?

A kowacce shekara Taliban na samun kusan Dala biliyan 1.5, kuma ta ci gaba da bunkasa hanyoyin samar da kudadenta tsawon sama da shekara 10.

Wasu daga cikin wadannan hanyoyi dai akwai batun hada-hadar miyagun kwayoyi.

Kasar Afghanistan ita ce kan gaba a duniya wajen sarrafa wani sinadari da ake kira opium, wanda ake sarrafa shi a matsayin abinda ke sanya maye ta fuskoki daban-daban.

Hakan ya sanya kungiyar kan yi amfani da sinadarin wajen sarrafa miyagun kwayoyi.

Haka zalika, kungiyar Taliban na karbar haraji daga hannun mutanen da tafiya ta ratsa da su yankin da ta mamaye da kuma hanyoyin sadarwa, lantarki da ma'adanai.

Kasashen duniya irin su Pakistan da Iran sun musanta zarge-zargen da ake musu cewa suna daukar nauyin kungiyar, sai dai ana zargin wasu daidaikun da kuma wasu kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu na tallafawa Taliban din.

Wace irin barna ayyukan Taliban suka haifar?

Yana da matukar wahala a iya kayyade yawan sojojin da suka rasa rayukan su, saboda an daina fitar ko kuma wallafa adadin wadanda suka rasun sakamakon rikicin mayakan.

Sai dai a watan Janairun 2019 ya ce jami'an tsaro 45,000 aka kasha tun daga shekarar 2014.

Rundunar dakarun hadaka ta kasa-da-kasa sama da 3,500 ne suka mutu tun lokacin mamayar da aka yiwa kasar a shekarar 2001, kuma sama da 2,300 daga cikin su Amurkawa ne.

Adadin fararen hula 'yan kasar Afghanistan kuwa ba za a iya kayyade shi ba.

Wani rahoto da Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta fitar a watan Fabrairun shekarar 2019 ya ce sama da fararen hula 32,000 ne aka kashe.

Sai dai cibiyar Watson da ke jami'ar Brown tace 'yan adawa 42,000 ne suka rasa rayukan su.

Cibiyar ta kuma ce rikice-rikicen kasashen Iraki, Syria, Afghanistan da kuma Pakistan ya janyo asarar kudi Dalar Amurka Tiriliyan biyar da biliyan tara tun daga shekarar 2001.

Amurka tana ci gaba da kai hare-hare ta sama kan kungiyar Taliban, wanda shugabanta na uku ya jagorance shi don ya jagoranci yakin, Donald Trump.

Amma yana da sha'awar rage lambobin sojojin kafin ya sake fuskantar wani zaben a cikin Nuwamba 2020.

Kasar Amurka dai na ci gaba da kai hare-haren sararin samaniya a kan mayakan Taliban, wanda Shugaba Donald Trump ke ci gaba da jagoranta.

Amma kuma yana kokarin rage yawan dakarun sojin kasarsa, kafin ya sake tsayawa takarar babban zaben kasar karo na biyu cikin watan Nuwambar shekarar 2020.

Yanzu haka dai kungiyar Taliban ta kwace ikon yankuna da dama, lokacin da sojojin kasa-da-kasa suka fice daga kasar Afghanistan din a shekarar 2014 zuwa yanzu.

Kasashen duniya na ganin cewa janyewar dakarun Amurka daga kasar ta Afghanistan za ta bawa mayakan damar mamaye kasar, da kuma barazana ga kasashen yammaci.

A halin yanzu dai al'ummar kasar Afghanistan din na cig aba da zama cikin zullumi sakamakon rikice-rikicen mayakan da aka dauki tsawon lokaci ana zubar da jini.