Ƙasashe nawa ne mata ba su taɓa mulka ba a tarihi?
Asalin hoton, Getty Images
- Marubuci, Luis Barrucho
- Sanya sunan wanda ya rubuta labari, BBC World Service
- Lokacin karatu: Minti 5
Tun daga shekara 100 da suka gabata ne mata suka kasance suna taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen ci gaban siyasa, inda zuwa yanzu sun samu damar kaɗa ƙuri'a da lashe zaɓukan majalisa kusan a dukkan ƙasashen.
Sai dai har yanzu ana ganin wakilcin na mata bai kai yadda ake buƙata ba a manyan ofisoshi.
Ga wasu muhimman bayanai game da mata a siyasa.
1. Mata suna da ƴancin kaɗa ƙuri'a a kusan ko'ina
Kafin ƙarni na 20, mata kaɗan ne suke da ikon kaɗa ƙuri'a, amma a ƙarshen ƙarnin, an samu gagarumin sauyi, inda ya zama mata kaɗan ne ba su da wannan damar.
Ƙasashe da dama sun bi sahu a wannan ƙarnin, inda Saudiyya ta zama ta baya-bayan nan, wajen ba mata ƴancin kaɗa ƙuri'a a ƙananan zaɓukan ƙasar a shekarar 2015. (Ba su yin zaɓen shugaban ƙasa a Saudiyya.)
A cewar Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya, wannan ya sa yanzu mata a kowace ƙasa suna da ƴancin yin zaɓe.
Sai dai Afghanistan a ƙarƙashin mulkin Taliban, ta mayar da hannun agogo baya wajen ƙwace wa mata haƙƙin zaɓe.
"Matan Afghanistan sun samu damar kaɗa ƙuri'a ne kimanin shekaru 100 da suka gabata, amma yanzu a ƙarƙashin mulkin Taliban, an cire a tsarin dimokuraɗiya," in ji tsagin mata na Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya, sashen da aka ware domin ƙarfafa gwiwar mata.
Zuwa tsakiyar ƙarni na 19, su kansu maza ba duka suke da ƴancin zaɓe ba, amma ƴancin mazan ya ƙara faɗaɗa, mata da dama sun kasance an ware su. Ƙasar New Zealand ce ta shige gaba wajen fara ba mata cikakken ƴancin kaɗa ƙuri'a a shekarar 1893. (Duk da cewa tana ƙarƙashin mulkin Birtaniya, amma tana da tsarin mulkinta.)
Lokacin da aka fara Yaƙin Duniya na biyu, maza suna da ƴancin kaɗa ƙuri'a a ɗaya bisa ukun ƙasashn duniya, amma mata na da ɗaya bisa shida ne, kamar yadda giɗauniyar Bastian Herre, wadda ke aiki a ƙarƙashin Global Change Data Lab a Burtaniya ta bayyana.
A ƙasashen Afirka da dama, an fara bai wa mata ƴancin zaɓe ne bayan samun ƴancin kai. A wasu ƙasashen kuma, hana mata yin zaɓen ya ɗauki dogon lokaci: Mata baƙaƙen fata da dama (har da mazan ma) a Amurka ba su samu ƴancin yin zaɓe ba sai a shekarar 1965, sannan sai a shekarar 1971 ne aka bai wa mata ƴancin kaɗa ƙuri'a a babban zaɓen ƙasar Switzerland.
Asalin hoton, Getty Images
Sai dai samun ƴancin kaɗa ƙuri'a a rubuce daban yake da amfani da ƴancin.
"A wasu ƙasashen ko yankuna, mata suna da ƴancin kaɗa ƙuri'a, amma ba a bari suna yin zaɓen saboda wasu al'adu da fargabar cin zarafi da rikce-rikice a akwatunan zaɓe, da kuma matsin lamba," kamar yadda wata gidauniya ta World Population Review ta bayyana.
A yanzu dai Masar tana da wata ƙa'ida ta buƙatar mata su nuna shaidar katin zama cikakkun yan ƙasa ko wani katin hukuma kafin kaɗa ƙuri'a.
Sai dai gidauniyar ta ƙara da cewa ko matan sun yi, katin suna zama ne a hannun mazansu, waɗanda su ne suke amincewa matan su yi zaɓen ko kada su yi.
2. A ƙasashe uku ne kawai mata suke da rinjaye a majalisa
Yanzu za ku iya samun labaran BBC Hausa kai-tsaye a wayoyinku.
Latsa nan domin shiga
Karshen Whatsapp
Har zuwa farko-farkon ƙarni na 20, ba a amincewa da mata su shiga majalisar ƙasa, kamar yadda ƙungiyar Democracy project (V-Dem) ta Sweden ta bayyana.
Ƙasar Finland ce ta farko a ƙasashen duniya da aka zaɓi mace a babbar majalisar ƙasar a shekarar 1907.
A duniya, damawa da mata a siyasa na ƙaruwa a hankali, amma lamarin ya fi faɗaɗa daga ƙarshe-ƙarshen ƙarni na 20 zuwa ƙarni na 21.
A shekarar 2008, majalisar Rwanda ta zama ta farko a duniya da mata suka kasance mafiya rinjaye.
A yanzu dai ƙasashe uku ne kacal cikin ƙasashen da ke cikin Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya - Rwanda da Cuba da Nicaragua - da mata suke da rinjaye a majalisunsu, da sama da kashi 50, kamar yadda gidauniyar Women Power Index ta bayyana.
A cewar ƙididdigar, wasu ƙasashen guda uku - Mexico da Andorra da Haɗaɗɗiyar Daular Larabawa - suna da daida-wa-daida ne a majalisunsu tsakanin mata da maza.
"Daga cikin waɗannan ƙasashen guda shida, a ƙasashe biyar akwai dokar ƙarfafa gwiwar mata su shiga siyasa," in ji Noël James na cibiyar CFR. Cuba ce kawai ba ta da dokar.
A cewar James, Rwanda ta samu wannan nasarar ce bayan kisan kiyashin da aka yi a shekarar 1994 lokacin da ya zama mata sun fi yawa a ƙasar, kuma aka saka su a shirye-shiryen sake gina ƙasar. Tabbatar da ilimi a ƙasar ga mata ya taimaka wajen samun wannan nasarar, in ji James.
A Haɗaɗɗiyar Daular Larabawa akwai dokar da ta ce dole mata su kasance kashi 50, rabi su zama zaɓɓɓu, rabin kuma waɗanda aka naɗa.
Sashen mata na Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya ya ce mata da suke da burin shiga takarar siyasa suna fuskantar ƙalubale a ƙasashe da dama.
Jam'iyyun siyasa ba su cika tsayar da mata takara ba, in ji hukumar. Ta kuma ce mata ba sa samun damar samun "tallafin kuɗaɗe da goyon bayan ƴan siyasa."
A yanzu haka, ƙasashe takwas babu mata a majalisunsu baki ɗaya: Afghanistan da Azerbaijan da Saudiyya da Hungary da Papua New Guinea da Vanuatu da Yemen da kuma Tuvalu.
Asalin hoton, Getty Images
3. Ƙasashen da mata ke mulki ba su kai kashi 15
Zuwa ranar 1 ga Disamban 2024, ƙasashe 26 cikin 193 ne suke ƙarƙashin shugabancin mata, wanda ya zama kashi 15 a duniya, kamar yadda ƙididdigar Women's Power Index.
Sannan ƙasashe 15 ne kawai da mata suke da kashi 50 ko sama da haka na muƙaman siyasa.
Asalin hoton, Getty Images
4. Tun a shekarar 1946, ƙasashe 80 ne mata suka yi mulki
Tun a shekarar 1946, ƙasashe 80 ne -kimanin kashi 40 - mata suka yi shugaban ƙasa, kamar yadda ƙididdigar Women's Power Index.
Yawanci mata ne da suka gaji mulki, har zuwa lokacin da Sirimavo Bandaranaike na ƙasar Sri Lanka ta zama zaɓaɓɓiyar firaminista a 1960.
Sai dai duk da haka, maza sun ninninka mata a manyan muƙamai.
Abin da ya sa ake buƙata mata su shiga siyasa
Bincike ya nuna cewa shiga ana damawa da mata a siyasa yana kawo ci gaba sosai. A shekarar 2021, Jami'ar Colorado Bouder ya nuna cewa idan mata suka samu dama wajen haɗa dokoki, ƙasashe suna ƙara suba kuɗi a ilimi da kiwon lafiya.
Haka kuma a shekarar 2020, wani binciken Jami'ar Cambridge ya alaƙanta ƙaruwar mata a harkokin siyasa saboda ƙara inganta harkokin kiwon lafiya da raguwar mutuwar mata da ƴaƴa wajen haihuwa. Sannan a shekarar 2019, masu bincike a Jami'ar Curtin da ke Australia, sun gano cewa majalisun da mata suke da yawa sun fi yin dokoki masu yaƙi da sauyin yanayi.
Sai dai kuma, James daga gidauniyar CFR na Women Power Index, ta yi gargaɗin cewa zaɓen matan a madafun iko ba wai yana nufin tabbaci ba ne a kan samun waɗannan nasarorin.
