Ƙasahen Afirka 10 da bashi ya yi wa katutu

Basukan da suka rataya a wuyan ƙasashen Afirka babbar matsala ce ga shugabanninta. A watan mayun da ya gabata, ƙungiyar Tarayyar Afirka (AU) ta gudanar da taronta na farko kan basuka a Lomé.

Yayin taron da aka yi a babban birnin Togo, an gano cewa akwai ƙasashen Afrika 10 da ke fuskantar matsanancin bashi.

A cewar Clever Gatete, babban sakataren hukumar kula da tattalin arzikin Afirka ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, yawan basussukan da ake bin nahiyar ya kai kusan dala biliyan 1,860 a shekarar 2024, idan aka kwatanta da dala biliyan dubu ɗaya ƙasa da shekaru goma a baya.

Wannan matuƙar tashin da kudaɗen bashin suka yi yana haifar da ƙara haɗarin gazawa wurin biyan bashin ga ƙasashe da yawa na nahiyar da ke cikin ruɗani na bashi.

Manyan masu ba da lamuni ga ƙasashen Afirka sun haɗa da Bankin Duniya da Asusun Ba da Lamuni na Duniya (IMF) da Bankin Raya Afirka (AfDB) da China, da dai sauransu.

Baya ga waɗannan masu ba da lamuni na jama'a, kasuwar duniya ita ce ta biyu mafi girma wajen samar da kuɗaɗe ga ƙasashen Afirka. Waɗannan ƙasashe suna karɓar bashi mai yawa daga wannan rukunin da ya ƙunshi masu saka hannun jari masu zaman kansu.

Nahiyar da ke durkushewa saboda nauyin bashi

Tsakanin shekarun 2015 da 2024, nahiyar Afirka ta ga kason bashi/kuɗaɗen da ake samu na cikin gida (GDP) ya tashi daga 44.4 cikin ɗari a 2015 zuwa kashi 66.7cikin ɗari.

Dangane da bayanan IMF na watan Oktoban 2025, wannan hauhawar yawan bashi/GDP Sudan (272%) ce ke kan gaba wurin yawan bashi, sai Senegal (128%), da Zambia (115%), da kuma Cape Verde (111%).

Sauran rukunin ƙasashen da ke bin waɗannan ƙasashen a baya sun kasance tsakanin kashi 63 cikin ɗari zuwa kashi 97 cikin 100 na GDP.

Masana sun fara korafi kan lamarin

A baya bayan nan, wata tawagar masana masu zaman kansu guda 25, ciki har da Kevin Urama, babban masanin tattalin arziki na bankin raya ƙasashen Afirka, sun gabatar da rahoto kan basussuka. Taron wanda fadar shugaban ƙasar Afirka ta Kudu ta kira a cikin tsarin ƙungiyoyin ƙasashe na G20, tawagar da ke ƙarkashin jagorancin tsohon ministan kuɗi na Afirka ta Kudu Trevor Manuel, ta yi kira da "a daidaita bashi da kuma ƙara zuba jari don ci gaban Afirka."

Clever Gatete ya ce, "Abin da Afirka ke fama da shi ba matsalar bashi ba ce kawai, matsalar ci gaba ce," in ji Clever Gatete, saboda a ƙasashen Afirka da dama, kasafin kuɗin da ake ware wa harkokin kiwon lafiya, da ilimi da kuma ababen more rayuwa suna fuskantar cikas sakamakon basusuka.

A nan mun zayyano manyan ƙasashe 10 na Afirka da suka fi cin bashi.

1- Sudan

Ƙasar Sudan da ta kwashe shekaru ta na fama da yaƙin basasa, tana fuskantar taɓarɓarewar tattalin arziki da na kuɗi. Ƙasar na fuskantar wani yanayi na bashin da ya wuce kima, inda bashin gwamnati ya kai kashi 253 cikin ɗari na GDP a shekarar 2023 bisa ga bayanan IMF. A cikin 2024, ya kai kashi 272 cikin ɗari na GDP. Akasarin bashin daga ƙasashen waje ne, musamman ma daga abokan hulɗar ƙasar na ƙasashen waje, musamman ƙasashen yankin Gulf da mambobin ƙungiyar Paris Club.

2- Senegal

Batun bashin Senegal lamari ne sananne. A cewar wani rahoto na bankin Barclays na Biritaniya, Senegal na da jimillar basussukan da suka kai kusan tiriliyan 23.5 na CFA, kwatankwacin dala biliyan 47.2. Wannan gagarumin bashi ya kai kashi 119% na GDPn ƙasar, wanda hakan ya sa Senegal ta zama ƙasa ta biyu da ta fi kowacce ƙasa bashi a nahiyar Afirka.

Dole kuma a yi la'akari da cewa wannan adadi ya shafi bashin gwamnatin tarayya ne kawai.

3- Zambia

An kiyasta bashin da ake bin wannan ƙasa ta yankin kudancin Afirka a kan dala biliyan 21.4 a ƙarshen shekarar 2024, a cewar asusun lamuni na duniya. Amma dai, rahoton IMF da aka fitar a watan Agustan da ya gabata yana ba da kyakkyawan hangen nesa. Ana hasashen bashin zai kai kashi 91.1% na GDP a ƙarshen shekarar 2025, idan aka kwatanta da kashi 114% na GDP a shekarar 2024.

4- Cape Verde

Yayin da ta ke cikin Tekun Atlantika a tsallaken gaɓar tekun Senegal, Cape Verde, mamba ce ta ECOWAS (Ƙungiyar Tattalin Arzikin Yammacin Afirka), ita ma tana ɗaya daga cikin ƙasashen Afirka da suka fi cin bashi. Duk da cewa bashin da ake bin ta yana raguwa, yana faɗuwa daga kashi 127.5% na GDP a shekarar 2022 zuwa 114.0% a shekarar 2023, ya kasance ƙasa da kashi 100% na GDP, inda ya kasance a 109.4% na GDP a 2024 bisa ga bayanai daga bankin ECOWAS na zuba jari da Ci gaba (EBID).

5- Jamhuriyar Congo

Duk da cewa bashin da ake bin jamhuriyar Congo yana raguwa, daga kashi 103.6% a shekarar 2020 zuwa kashi 93.6% a shekarar 2024, matakin da ake kai a halin yanzu ya kasance abin damuwa ga wannan ƙasa mai arzikin man fetur a Afirka ta Tsakiya.

A cewar IMF, kason bashi na cikin gida ya ƙaru, wanda ke ƙara matsa lamba kan sabunta hanyoyin samun kuɗin shiga da kuma kuɗaden da ke yawo a hannun al'umma. Ƙudaden da ake kashewab wurin biyan bashi ya kai kusan rabin kuɗaɗen shiga na kasafin kuɗi a ƙarshen 2024.

6- Mozambique

Mozambique na daga cikin ƙasashen da suka fi cin bashi a nahiyar. A ƙarshen shekarar 2024, an kiyasta bashin Mozambique da ya kai dala biliyan 16.238, wanda ya kai kashi 93% na GDP.

A cikin Maris watan maris na 2025, gwamnatin Mozambique ta ba da sanarwar cewa ba za ta iya biyan buƙatunta na kuɗi ba. Bashin ya kai mataki mai matƙar ban tsoro, wanda ya zarce 100% na GDP, bisa ga kiyasin Asusun ba da lamuni na duniya (IMF).

7- Masar

Jimlar bashin da ake bin ƙasar Masar ya kai kusan kashi 91% na GDP a cikin 2024, bisa ga bayanai daga Babban Bankin Masar. A farkon rabin shekarar kasafin kuɗi na 2024/2025 kaɗai, gwamnatin ƙasar ta kashe dala biliyan 21.3 wurin biyan bashi, wanda ya haifar da matuƙar matsin lamba kan asusunta na ajiyar kuɗaɗen ƙasashen ƙetare, kamar yadda IMF ta bayyana a watan Oktoban 2025.

8- Malawi

Yayin da ta ke da adadin bashin da ya kai kashi 88 cikin ɗari, Malawi tana matsayi na 8 a cikin ƙasashe mafi yawan bashi a nahiyar, a cewar bayanan IMF. Ƙasar da ke yankin Kudancin Afirka, ta na da faɗin 118,480 km², da kuma yawan al'umma da ya kai 22,729,000. A cikin 2024, an ƙiyasta bashin Malawi a kusan dala biliyan 10.3.

9 - Mauritius

Mauritius na da bashin kashi 88% na GDP a cikin 2024, a cewar IMF. Duk da cewa bai kai matakin kashi 91.90% na GDP a shekarar 2020 ba, wannan bashi har yanzu yana da yawa kan daya daga cikin ƙasashen Afirka da ke kan gaba wajen ƙididdigar ci gaban bil Adama da kuma kuɗaɗen shiga na kowane mutum.

10- Guinea-Bissau

Yayin da rikicin siyasa ya sake yi ma ta dabaibayi sakamakon juyin mulkin da ya wargaza harkokin zaɓe, Guinea-Bissau na cikin wani yanayi na cin bashi fiye da kima, a cewar wani bincike na ɗorewar basussuka da IMF ta gudanar a watan Nuwamban 2024.

An ƙiyasta bashin da ake bin ƙasar a kan kashi 82.3 na GDP a cikin 2024. Bashin cikin gida kaɗai yana wakiltar 55.5% na jimlar bashin (idan aka kwatanta da 44.5% na bashin waje) a cikin 2023.

Manyan masu bin ƙasar basussukan waje su ne Bankin Duniya (30.2%) da BOAD (Bakin raya yammacin Afirka) (28.6%).