Mene ne sirrin haura shekara 100 a duniya?

Dangin Josefa Maria da Coneicao sun san cewa da walakin goro a miya a farkon wannan shekara bayan ta daina tambayar a ba ta sigari guda daya da ta saba tambaya kowace rana.

Hakan ya faru ne bayan tsohuwar manomiyar ƴar asalin Brazil ta kammala bikin cika shekaru 120 a duniya.

"Mahaifiyata ta share duka rayuwarta tana shan cigari," a cewar Cicera, daya daga cikin ƴaƴan Josefa hudu da ke raye. A baya tana da yara 22.

"Tana ƙara tsufa, muka yi ta kokarin hana ta ta daina, amma sai ta yi ta yin barazanar samo sigarin da kanta."

Dangin nata sun bayyana cewa yanzu Josefa ba ta da ƙarfi kamar shekarun baya, a lokacin da ta yi suna a ƙasar bayan da wani gidan talabijin ya gano ta a matsayin "macen da ta fi tsufa a fadin duniya."

Katin shaidar Josefa ya nuna cewa an haife ta ranar 7 ga watan Fabrairun 1902.

Amma abun takaicin shi ne kamfanin mujallar littafin tarihi na Guiness bai amince a ba ta wannan tuta ba.

Yanzu haka wata mata daga kasar Faransa mai suna Lucile Randon ita ce take riƙe da wannan kambu da shekaru 118.

A cikin maza kuwa, wanda ya fi tsufa shi ne Juan Vicente Mora daga Venezuela mai shekara 113.

Sai dai Lucile ba za ta daɗe da riƙe wannan matsayi ba saboda a shekarun baya, mutanen da suke da shekaru 100 zuwa sama sun matukar ƙaruwa.

Za a samu mutum miliyan ɗaya da za su cika shekaru 100 nan kusa

Sashen Hukumar ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ya yi kiasin cewa sama da mutum 621,000 wadanda ke da shekaru 100 ne ke raya a duniya a shekara ta 2021.

Ana kyautata zaton wannan adadi zai zarta miliyan ɗaya a ƙarshen 2030.

A shekara ta 1990, mutum 92,000 ne kawai suka kai shekaru 100, abun da ba karamin wahala ne da shi ba.

Mutane sun samu matukar cigaba wajen tsawon rayuwa sakamakon cigaba a bangarori daban-daban da suka kawo ingantattun magani, abinci, yanayin zaman rayuwa idan aka kwatanta da kakanninmu.

Mutanen da aka haifa a 1960, a lokacin da Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta fara lura alkaluman duniya na kai wa kamar shekaru 52 ne a duniya.

Duk da haka, kai wa shekaru 100 ba karamin aiki ba ne: mutanen da ke kai wannan shekarun kaso 0.008% ne na duk adadin mutanen duniya a 2021 bisa rahoton Majalisar Dinkin Duniya.

Mafi yawancin mu a duniya ba a kyautata zaton za mu kai shekara 75, saboda mafi kiyasi ya nuna mafi yawancin mutanen duniya na kai shekaru 73 ne kacal.

Amma kiyasin ba daya ba ne a kowace kasa. Misali a Japan, mafi akasarin mutane na rayuwa har zuwa shekaru 85, amma 54 a Janhuriyar Afirka ta Tsakiya.

Haka zalika mafi yawancin mutanen da suke tsufa na fama da rashin lafiya masu tsanani.

"Tsawon rai ba ya nufin rayuwa mai dadi," Janet Lord wata farfesa ta kimiyyar ƙwayoyin hallita a Jami’ar Birmingham a Birtaniya take cewa.

Farfesa Lord ta yi bayanin cewa mafi yawanci, maza na share shekara 16 na karshe a rayuwar suna fama da cututtuka kamar ciwon siga da mantuna – mata kuwa shekarun na kai wa 19.

Mene ne sirrin mutanen da ke shafe sama da shekara 110?

Zarta shekaru 100 ya fi wahala. A Amurka, wani bincike da aka jima ana yi a Jami’ar Boston, an yi kiyasin Amurkawa 1 cikin miliyan 5 ke cika shekaru 110.

Amma yayin da masu bincike suke kirga misalin mutane 60 zuwa 70 a wannan rukuni a shekara ta 2010, a 2017 adadin ya karu zuwa 150.

"Masu shekaru 110 zuwa sama" na saukin jan hankulan masu binciken tsufan bil Adama.

"Wadannan mutane zakarun gwajin dafi ne ga duka abun da ke faruwa da mutane idan sun tsufa. Kuma bamu tabbatar da dalili ba har yanzu," Farfesa Lord ta kara.

Ban da tsawon rai, masu shekaru 110 zuwa sama sun yi fice saboda suna da lafiyar jiki idan aka kwatanta da shekarunsu.

Misali Josefa Maria ba ta bukatar magani akan kari, kuma tana cin jan nama da alawa, a cewar iyalinta.

Babu shakka tunanin ta ya fara dishi-dish, kuma idanunta sun gaji, amma Cicera ta bayyana yadda wani lokacin ta ke mamakin mahaifiarta.

"Ba ta iya tafiya kamar yadda take yi a baya, kuma muna daukar ta domin zagaya wa da ita da canza mata ƙunzugu kamar jarirai.

"Amma har yanzu ina mamakin yadda mahaifiyata ta yi tsawon rai duk da cewa tana shan cigari tun ta na yarinya kuma ta share shekaru masu yawa ta na aikin wahala," a cewar mai shekaru 76.

Misali na rayuwa mai koshin lafiya? Sake tunani.

Abin da ya fi rikita ƙwararru sosai mutanen da ke zarta shekaru ba su kula da lafiyar su kamar yadda ake bayar da shawara.

Josefa Maria, kamar yadda aka ambata a baya, ta share duka rayuwarta tana shan sigari kuma ta tashi a cikin talauci a yankin arewa maso gabashin Brazil.

Abu mai jawo hankali shi ne wani bincike da aka buga a mujallar American Geriatic Society, wanda ya mayar da hankali a kan Yahudawan Amurka sama da 400 da ke da shekara 95 zuwa sama.

An same su da ɗabi’u waɗanda kan ƙalubalanci kyakyyawan kiwon lafiya.

Kusan kashi 60% na wadanda aka nazarta na shan cigari sosai, rabin su suna da cutar ƙiba kusan duka rayuwarsu.

Kuma kashi 3% ne kawai ba sa cin nama, haka kuma akwai wadanda ba sa motsa jiki.

"Abun da ya kamata mu fara yi shi ne gaya wa mutanen da ke sha’awar samun tsawon rai kar su dauki shawarwarin dabi’un rayuwa daga mutanen da suka share shekaru 100 ko 110 zuwa sama," a cewar Richard Faragher wani Farfesa na nazarin tsufa a Jami’ar Brighton da ke Birtaniya da ya ƙware a bincike kan tsufa.

"Akwai wani abu da ya bambanta su da kowa, saboda ɗabi’un su sun sha ban-ban da dabi’un da muka sani da za su taimaka wa mutum ya yi tsawon rai," a cewar Faragher.

Garkuwar ƙwayoyin halitta?

Masana kimiya na kyautata zaton ƙwayoyin halitta na taka rawar gani a tsawon rai.

Masu shekara 100 (da 110) na da damar kare kansu daga tsofewa da ke kalubalantar masu karancin shekaru a lokacin da suke kara tsofewa.

Kuma suna da halin fanso, har da dabi’u marasa kyau da ke tura mu kabari da wuri.

Ƙwararru kamar Lord da Farragher na bincike domin gano wannan tagomashi da ake zato, wadanda ba su fito a fili ba kamar yadda ake tunani.

Wani binciken Yahudawa masu shekaru 100, wanda aka fitar a 2020 ya nuna tsofaffin su ma suna da gurbattatun kwayoyin halitta, wadanda ke jewo cuttutuka idan aka tsufa a ragowar jama’a.

Yanzu dai bunkasar adadin mutane da ke ketare shekaru 100 ya saka masana kimiyya tambaya ko za’a iya ganin karin tsawon rai da bil adama zai iya yi.

Wanda aka sani ya fi tsufa a hukumance

Ya zuwa yanzu bil adaman da aka tabbatar da shekarun ta kuma ta fi tsufa a duk fadin duniya ‘yar kasar Faransa ce mai suna Jeanne Calmet wadda ta rasu a 1997 tana da shekara 122, kuma ita kadai ce bil adama da a hukumance ta haura shekaru 120.

Amma masu bincike daga Jami’ar Washington a Amurka sun ce irin wannan tsawon ran zai ƙaru a cikin wannan ƙarni, kuma hakan zai iya jawo ganin mutane suna kai wa shekara 125 ko ma 10.

"Mun yi imanin cewa akwai wanda zai zarce shekara 122 kafin karshen shekara ta 2100, kuma za su iya kai shekaru 126 ko 128 ko a 130," a cewar Michael Pearce, wani mai nazarin kimiyar kiyasi ko daya daga ckin wadanda suka rubuta sakamakon binciken.

Pearce da Farfesa Adrian Rafter sun yi amfani da bayanan baitulmalin shekarun bil adama na kasa da kasa domin hasashen adadin shekarun da bil adama zai iya yi a shekaru 10 ko 20 da ke tafe.

Sun ƙayyade cewa akwai tabbacin kashi 100% za a wuce Calmet, kuma akwai yiwuwar 68% wani zai kai shekaru 127 a duniya.

Fahimtar tsufa

Sai dai akwai tambayoyi da yawa da kimiyya ke bukatar amsawa domin fahimtar tsufa.

Kwararru kamar Dr Richard Siow, darakta manazartar tsufa a Jami’ar Kings College, sun yi amanna cewa wannan fahimtar na da matukar muhimmanci domin takalar matsalolin more rayuwa yayin da adadin masu tsawon shekaru ke karuwa a duniya.

Majalisar Dinkin Dunia ta bayyana cewa duniya yanzu ta kunshi mutane da ke da shekaru 65 zuwa sama fiye da yara masu shekaru kasa da biyar.

"Babbar tambayar a nan ba shi ne tattauna shekaru nawa za mu iya kaiwa ba, amma ta ya zamu rage saurin tsufa kuma mu kasance cikin koshin lafiya na tsawon lokaci fiye da yadda muke yi yanzu,” Siow ya ce.

"Ta haka, idan mun yi sa’an tsufa, za mu iya cin moriyar wadannan shekarun ba mu wahala ba.

Kungiyoyi kamar HelpAge Internatonal, daya daga cikin kungiyoyi ne masu zaman kansu da ke taimaka wa tsofaffi a duk fadin duniya, sun bayyana cewa wannan tunanin na da muhimmanci wajen taimakawa kula da tsofaffi a matsayin dama ba nauyi ba akan tsarin kula da dattijan kasa.

"Wannan mummunan kallo da ke maganar tsufa a matsayin matsala ya kauce hanya," Kakakin HelpAge Eduardo Klien ya musanta.

"A halin da ake ciki, ya kamata a dubi Sarauniya Elizabeth II: Sarauniyar Birtaniya wadda ta ma ta kusa cika shekaru 100 (96).

"Aikin ta ya karu saboda a al-adance duk wanda ya cika shekaru 100 a Birtaniya za karbi wasika daga wanda ke kan karagar mulki."

Adadin masu shekaru 100 a Birtaniya ya kai adadin da bai taɓa kaiwa ba a 2020 kuma ana kyautata zaton adadin zai ƙaru.