Illar da noman shinkafa ke yi ga muhalli
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- Marubuci, By The Food Chain Programme
- Sanya sunan wanda ya rubuta labari, BBC World Service
- Lokacin karatu: Minti 5
Shinkafa ta wuce cimaka kawai, domin kusan rabin al'ummar duniya na mata kallon abokiyar rayuwa - wadda ke da alaƙa da yanayin rayuwa da al'ada da tattalin arziki.
"Shinkafa ce abincin da ƴan Philippines suka fi ci. Suna kallon shinkafa a matsayin abinci, kuma hatsin da ke da alaƙa da al'adarsu," in ji Adriene Bianca Villanueva, mai bibiyar BBC daga babban birnin Manila na Philippines.
"Yawancin ƴan Philippines suna dafa shinkafa sau uku a rana - abincin safe da na rana da na dare," in ji ta.
Amma a yanzu da ake ta samun sauye-sauye a duniya, shin ya kamata mu rage cin shinkafa?
Karɓaɓɓen abinci a duniya
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Hukumar noma da abinci ta Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya ta ce akwai nau'ikan tsirrai guda 500,000, amma duk da haka, kaso 90 na abinci masu gina jiki da aka fi yi a duniya, 15 ne kawai nau'ikan tsirrai. Daga ciki kuma shinkafa da fulawa da masara ne kan gaba.
"Tsakanin kashi 50 zuwa 56 na adadin al'ummar duniya sun fi cin shinkafa," in ji Dr Ivan Pinto, darakta-janar na cibiyar binciken shinkafa na duniya(IRRI). Wato ke nan kusan mutum biliyan huɗu na cin shinkafa a matsayin abin da suka fi sha'awa.
Ana noma shinkafa a kudu da kudu maso gabashin Asia, akwai kuma nau'ika da dama da ake nomawa a turai, kuma tana ƙara samun karɓuwa a Afirka.
Sai dai duk da haka, yadda shinkafa take mamaye cimakar da aka fi ci a duniya na da wasu matsalolin da hakan ke jawowa.
Abinci mai daɗi
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"Shinkafa na da daɗi sosai," in ji Jean-Philippe Laborde, manajan darakta na Tilda, kamfanin shinkafa a Birtaniya, mallakin kamfanin abinci na Ebro Foods na Spain.
"Noma kilogram 1 na shinkafa na buƙatar tsakanin lita 3,000 zuwa 5,000 na ruwa, wanda ruwa ne mai yawan gaske."
Ana noma shinkafa ne a fadama, musamman a kudu da kudu maso gabashin Asia. Yanayin danshin da shinkafar ke buƙata kuma na janye sinadarin oxygen daga muhalli.
"Idan gonaki suka ja ruwa sosai - ƙwayoyin cuta suna taruwa domin haifar da sinadarin methan," in ji Dr Ivan Pinto.
Sinadarin methan ne maƙasudin jawo ɗumamar yanayi da kashi 30, kamar yadda hukumar makamashi ta duniya ta bayyana.
Koren yanayi
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Tilda na ta ƙoƙarin samar da irin da ba ya buƙatar ruwa sosai wata fasahar noma da ake kira Alternate Wetting and Drying (AWD). Ana zura wani bututu ne a ƙarƙashin ƙasa, don haka maimakon a riƙa ban-ruwa a kowane lokaci, sai ya zama za a yi ban-ruwan ne kawai a lokacin da babu ruwa a cikin bututun.
A 2024, kamfanin Tild ya faɗaɗa gwajin irin da yake yi daga manoma 50 zuwa manoma 1,268, kuma an fara samun sakamako mai kyau.
"Za mu iya rage amfani da ruwa da kashi 27, da rage amfani da makamashi da kashi 28, da rage cin taki da kashi 25," in ji Laborde. Ya kuma ce a yanzu dai rabanyar na ƙaruwa ne da kashi 7.
Amma ya ƙara da cewa sinadarin methan da muhalli ke fitarwa zai ragu da kashi 45, sannan ya ce hakan zai ƙara raguwa da kashi 70 ma a gaba.
Sauyin yanayi
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Duk da cewa shinkafa na ciyar da biliyoyin mutane, yanzu sauyin yanayi ya fara barazana ga nomarta, saboda yankunan da ke noma shinkafa na fuskantar yanayin zafi mai tsanani da fari da mamakon ruwan sama da ma ambaliya.
A Indiya, yanayin zafi sai da ya maki 53 a ma'aunin celcius a lokacin noma shinkafa a 2024. A Bangladesh kuma, ambaliya da mamakon ruwan sama ne ke barazana ga noma.
Yanzu IRRI ta koma teburin bincike, inda ta fara nazarin na'ukan irin shinkafa 132,000 da take da su domin gano bakin zare. Daga cikin manyan sakamakon binciken akwai samo irin shinkafa da zai iya yin kwana 21 a cikin ruwa.
"Wannan irin zai iya daɗewa a ƙarƙashin ruwa idan an yi ambaliya ba tare da lalacewa ba," in ji Pinto.
Wasu na'ikan cimaka
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Wasu gwamnatocin na ba mutane shawara su rage cin shinkaga.
A Bangladesh, an yi wani gangami kimanin shekara 15 da suka gabata kan kira da a rungumi dankali maimakon shinkafa.
"Muna son dankali, amma komawa dankali a madadin shinkafa abu ne mai wahalar gaske," in ji mazaunin Dhaka, Shareef Shabir.
China ma ta ƙiƙiri irin wannan gangamin a 2015, inda suke kira da a rungumi amfani da dankali sosai.
A shekarun 1990s ne ƙasar ta shiga cikin waɗanda suka fi fitar da dankali a duniya, kuma ya samu karɓuwa sosai a sassan ƙasar, amma duk da hakan kiran bai samu karɓuwa ba.
A wasu sassan kudu maso yamma da arewa maso yammacin China, mutane sun fi cin dankali a kan wasu na'ukan abincik," in ji Jakob Klein, masanin tarihi a Jami'ar Landan.
Sai dai ya ce ana kallon yawan cin dankali a matsayin talauci.
"Idan mutane a kudu maso yammacin China idan mutum ya ce ya taso yana cin dankali, yana nufin ya taso ne a cikin talauci," in ji shi.
Rashin zaɓi
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A duniya, shinkafa ta riga ta shiga ran mutane. Tana da daɗi, da sauƙin dafawa da ajiya.
Ana cin aƙalla tan miliyan 520 na shinkafa a duniya a duk shekara.
A Philippines, Adrian Bianca Villanueva ta ce duk da cewa za ta iya rage cin shinkafa, bari baki ɗaya zai yi wahala.
"Ko da ma ba na son cin shinkafa, idan na je taro dole sai na ci, domin an fi raba shinkafa a taruwa."
