Afghanistan: Mbega aba Taliban ni ba nde?

Aba Taliban bari bomowe ku butegetsi n'ingabo mvamakungu zirongowe na Reta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika mu 2001, ariko mu mezi aheze, uwu murwi warasubiye gutangura ibitero vyatumye usubira kwigarurira ubutegetsi.

Mu gihe Amerika yariko yitegurira gukura ingabo zayo muri ico gihugu imbere y'igenekerezo rya 11 z'ukw'icenda, inyuma y'imyaka 20 zari zimaze mu ntambara muri ico gihugu, aba barwanyi bobo babandanije basugereza ibisagara bikuru bikuru, begereza umugwa mukuru Kabul, ubu ukaba uri mu minwe yabo.

Uwu muhari wari watanguye ibiganiro na Amerika kuva mu 2018 vyashikanye impande zompi ku masezerano yari yateweko igikumu mu kwa kabiri 2020 i Doha (Umugwa mukuru wa Qatar).

Muri aya masezerano, Amerika yiyemeje kuvana ingabo zayo zose mu gihugu, aba Taliban nabo bagahagarika ibitero ku ngabo za Amerika.

Mu bindi bumvikanye ni uko aba Taliban badasubira kwemerera umuhari w'iterabwoba al-Qaeda n'iyindi mihari y'intagondwa gukorera ibikorwa vyabo mu turere bagenzura, bakongera bakabandanya ibiganiro vy'amahoro.

Ariko kuva ico gihe, aba Taliban babandanije bakora ibitero ku ngabo n'abasivire ba Afghanistan, kandi bagenda bifatira uturere dutandukanye tw'igihugu ku muvuduko udasanzwe.

Ingene bari bashitse ku butegetsi

Aba Taliban, canke "abanyeshure" mu rurimi rw'igi Pashto, batanguye kuvugwa mu myaka ya 1990 mu buraruko bwa Pakistan inyuma y'aho ingabo z'aba Soviet ziviriye muri Afghanistan.

Bikekwa ko umuhari Pashtun urwiriyemwo abavuga ururimi rw'igi Pashto watanguriye mu maseminari y'aba Islam - ahanini bakaba baronswa uburyo buvuye muri Arabia Saoudite - aya masemirani akaba yigisha urwanko ku ba Islam b'aba Sunni.

Ivyo aba Taliban bari biyemeje - aha ni mu turere twa Pakistan na Afghanistan tuvugwamwo ururimi rw'igi Pashto - kwari ukugarukana amahoro n'umutekano kandi bagashiraho amategeko aremereye ya Sharia, canke amategeko ya ki Islam, mu gihe boba bamaze gushika ku butegetsi.

Kuva mu bumanuko bushira uburengero bwa Afghanistan, aba Taliban bagiye bashinga imizi ku muvuduko munini.

Mu kw'icenda 1995, barigaruriye intara ya Herat ihana urubibe na Iran, hanyuma haciye neza na neza umwaka utarenga nturenguke, barigaruriye umugwa mukuru wa Afghanistan, Kabul, batembagaza ubutegetsi bw'umukuru w'igihugu w'ico gihe, Burhanuddin Rabbani - umwe mu bari batanguje umurwi w'abarwanyi ba Islam, bazwi nka mujahideen, barwanije aba Soviet muri Afghanistan.

Gushika mu 1998, aba Taliban bagenzura ibice hafi 90% vya Afghanistan.

Abanya Afganistan, kubera bari barambiwe n'amabi y'aba mujahideen hamwe n'indyane zari mu gihugu inyuma y'aho aba Soviet birukaniwe, muri rusangi bakiranye yompi aba Taliban igihe bashika ubwa mbere.

Mu ntango barakunzwe cane kubera bashoboye kurwanya igiturire, barwanya ukudahana bubaka n'amabarabara, kandi n'ibikorwa vy'ubudandaji biratera imbere cane mu turere bagenzura.

Ariko aba Taliban batanguje canke bashigikira ibihano bitangwa muri rya tegeko rya Sharia - nk'ukunyonga, imbere y'abanyagihugu barorera, uwo wese yagiriwe n'icaha c'ubwucanyi n'ubusambanyi, hamwe no guca amaboko abagiriwe n'ubusuma. Abagabo bategetswe gutereka ubwanwa, abagore nabo bategekwa kwambara wa mwambaro wa burka, ubapfuka umubiri wose.

Aba Taliban kandi babujije kuraba imboneshakure/televiziyo, kwumviriza umuziki no kuraba amasenema, baca banabuza abakobwa bafise kuva ku myaka cumi no kuduga kuja kw'ishure. Baragirijwe ivyaha bitandukanye bijanye n'ihonyangwa ry'agateka ka zina muntu.

Pakistan ibandanya ihakana ko atari yo yashinze umuhari w'aba Taliban, ariko nta nkeka ko abanya-Afghanistan benshi binjiye muri uwu muhari mu ntango ari abahawe inyigisho za madrassa (amashure yigisha ibijanye n'ukwemera kw'idini rya Islam) muri Pakistan.

Pakistan kandi iri mu bihugu bitatu vyonyene -ibindi ni Arabia Saoudite na Emira Zunze Ubumwe z'Abarabu (United Arab Emirates, UAE) - vyemeye gukorana n'aba Taliban igihe bari ku butegetsi muri Afghanistani. Nico gihugu kandi cabaye ica nyuma mu guhagarika imigenderanire n'uwu muhari.

Igihe kimwe, aba Taliban baragabishije ko bashobora guhungabanya umutekano muri Pakistan bavuye mu turere bagenzura two mu buraruko bushira uburengero.

Kimwe mu bitero vyamenyekanye cane kandi bikiyamirizwa n'amakungu mu bitero vyose vy'aba Taliban ba Pakistan ni icabaye ku wa 12 z'ukwa cumi na kabiri mu 2012, igihe umwigeme yari avuye kw'ishure, Malala Yousafzai, yaraswa ari mu nzira ataha mu gisagara ca Mingora.

Igitero gikomeye ca gisirikare cakozwe haciye imyaka ibiri biturutse ku bwicanyi bwakozwe kw'ishure rya Peshawar caragabanije cane inguvu uwu muhari wari ufise muri Pakistani.

N'imiburiburi abategetsi bakomeye batatu b'aba Taliban ba Pakistani barishwe mu bitero vya za ndege zitagira abadereva (drones) mu 2013, harimwo n'umukuru wawo, Hakimullah Mehsud.

'Amahungiro' ya al-Qaeda

Amakungu yatanguye gukurikirana cane aba Taliban muri Afghanistan inyuma y'ibitero vyo ku wa 11 z'ukw'icenda 2001 ku nyubakwa World Trade Center i New York muri Amerika. Aba Taliban bagirijwe ko bahaye indaro abantu bakuru bagirizwa ico gitero - harimwo Osama Bin Laden n'umuhari wiwe wa al-Qaeda.

Ku wa ndwi ukwezi kw'icumi 2001, ingabo mvamakungu zari zirongowe na Amerika zatanguye ibitero muri Afghanistani, mu ndwi ya mbere yo mu kw'icumi na kabiri ubutegetsi bw'aba Taliban bwari butembagajwe. Uwari arongoye uwu muhari ico gihe, Mullah Mohammad Omar, n'abandi bategetsi bakuru, harimwo Osama Bin Laden, baraciye mu myanya y'intoke abariko barabahiga buhongo.

Abategetsi bakuru bakuru batari bake b'aba Taliban bavugwa ko bahungiye mu gisagara ca Quetta ca Pakistan, ari naho bari bashize ibiro bikuru mu burongozi bw'umuhari w'aba Taliban. Ariko abategetsi ba Pakistan babandanije bahakana iciswe "Quetta Shura" (umurwi w'abahoze ku butegetsi bw'aba Taliban muri Afghanistan mu mpera za 1990).

Ariko, n'aho hari ibitigiri binini vy'ingabo mvamakungu bitari bwaboneke, aba Taliban bagiye bashinga imizi bukebuke bakwiragira muri Afghanistan, ivyatumye umutekano mu turere tutari duke wagenda uhungabana, n'imishamirano mu gihugu iriyongera ku rugero rutari bwigere ruboneka kuva mu 2001.

Harabaye ibitero bitari bike vy'aba Taliban ku mugwa mukuru Kabul, mbere mu kw'icenda 2012, uwu muhari ukaba warakoze igitero gikomeye ku cicaro gikuru ca Camp Bastion c'ingabo za OTAN/NATO.

Icizere c'ibiganiro vy'amahoro catanguye mu 2013, aho aba Taliban batangaza ko bari bafise integuro yo kwugurura ibiro muri Qatar. Ariko impande zompi zabandanije zinubana, imishamirano irabandanya.

Mu kw'umunani 2015, aba Taliban baremeye ko bahishije urupfu rwa Mullah Omar - avugwa ko yahitanywe n'indwara mu bitaro vyo muri Pakistan - mu kiringo c'imyaka irenga ibiri. Mu kwezi kwakurikiye, uwu muhari wavuze ko washize ku ruhande indyane zari hagati yawo maze ushigikira indongozi yawo nshasha Mullah Mansour, yari icegera ca Mullah Omar.

Hafi muri ico gihe nyene, aba Taliban barigaruriye umugwa mukuru w'intara, ubwa mbere kuva bomowe ku butegetsi mu 2001, banigarurira n'igisagara gikomeye ca Kunduz.

Mullah Mansour yahavuye yicwa mu gitero ca drone ya Amerika mu kwa gatanu mu 2016, aca asubirizwa n'icegera ciwe Mawlawi Hibatullah Akhundzada, gushika ubu akaba ari we akirongoye uwu muhari.

Igihe hari hasigaye imisi ngo ingabo mvamakungu zive mu gihugu

Haciye umwaka habaye amasezerano hagati ya Amerika n'aba Taliban mu kwa kabiri 2020 - yashitsweko inyuma y'ibiganiro vyari bimaze igihe kirekire - aba Taliban barahinduye umukenyuro baheba ibitero bigoye ku bisagara no ku birindiro vya gisirikare, maze batangura gukora ibitero ku bantu kanaka, ivyateye ubwoba abasivire ba Afghanistan.

Ivyo bitero vyakorwa cane cane ku bamenyeshamakuru, abacamanza, abaharanira amahoro n'abagore bari mu nzego ndongozi vyasa n'ivyerekana ko aba Taliban batigeze bahagarika iterabwoba, ko bari bahinduye umukenyuro gusa.

N'aho abategetsi ba Afghanistan bari bafise amakenga ko reta ata nguvu yari ifise zo guhangana n'aba Taliban idafashijwe n'amakungu, umukuru w'igihugu mushasha wa Amerika, Joe Biden, yaratangaje mu kwa kane mu 2021 ko ingabo zose za Amerika zategerezwa kuba zavuye muri ico gihugu imbere y'igenekerezo rya 11 z'ukw'icenda - inyuma y'imyaka 20 umusi ku wundi habaye vya bitero kuri World Trade Center.

Inyuma y'imyaka 20 bahanganye n'igihugu c'igihangange, aba Taliban batanguye kwigarurira uturere tunini cane tw'igihugu, icerekana ko bari gusubira gutembagaza reta y'i Kabul ingabo mvamakungu zimaze kugenda.

Uwu muhari wagenda uboneka ko ibitigiri vyagenda vyiyongera gusumba igihe ico ari co cose kuva bomowe ku butegetsi mu 2001 - aho hageze igihe ukagira igitigiri c'abarwanyi bangana na 85.000 nk'uko vyavugwa na OTAN.

Bagiye bigarurira uturere ku muvuduko udasanzwe, mbere mu kwa gatandatu Jenerali Austin Miller, yategeka ingabo mvamakungu zirongowe na Amerika muri Afghanistan, akaba yaragabishije ko igihugu cari mu nzira y'intambara mbi cane, ivyo yavuze ko ari "ikibazo gikomeye kw'isi".

Ariko, icagiye kwibonekeza ni uko ahenshi aba Taliban bagenda bigarurira ibisagara bikomeye ata ntambara ihabaye, aho ingabo za reta zamanika amaboko zitarwanye kugira ngo ntihagire abasivire bahasiga ubuzima.

Muri uko kwezi nyene kwa gatandatu, umwihwezo wakozwe n'igisata ca Amerika kijejwe igendereza werekanye ko reta ya Afghanistan yashobora gusenyurwa mu kiringo kitarenga amezi atandatu ingabo za Amerika zimaze kuva mu gihugu.

Kira noneho, n'ayo mezi atandatu ntiyarangiye, aba Taliban bafashe Kabul mu ntambara imaze umwanya muto cane, ubu nibo bafise ubutegetsi mu minwe.