Afghanistan: Igituma aba Taliban bariko barafata igihugu ku muvuduko udasanzwe

Umuvuduko aba Taliban bariko mu kwifatira uturere muri Afghanistan uratangaza abantu batari bake - mu gihe imigwa mikuru y'intara igenda yigarurirwa nk'uwinjira mu nzu iwe.

Abarwanyi baboneka ko bafise inguvu, mu gihe reta ya Afghanistan igerageza kwita ku rutare ngo igumane ubutegetsi.

Muri ino ndwi. inkuru yavuye mu gisata kijejwe igendereza ca Amerika yerekana ko umugwa mukuru Kabul ushobora guterwa mu ndwi nkeya ziri imbere, nayo reta yoyo igashobora gusenyuka mu misi itarenga 90.

None ni ukubera iki ibintu binyarutse ukuraho?

Reta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika n'ibihugu bigenzi vyayo vyo mw'ishirahamwe OTAN/NATO - harimwo n'Ubwongereza - vyari bimaze imyaka 20 yose vyigisha ingabo za Afghanistan, vyongera biziha ibikoresho.

Abajenerali batari bake b'abanyamerika n'abongereza bahora bivugira ko bashinze igisirikare ca Afghanistan gikomeye kandi gishoboye. Ibi bikaba muri kino gihe bisa n'uko yari amajambo gusa.

Inguvu z'aba Taliban

Reta ya Afghanistan mu bisanzwe yategerezwa kuba ari yo ifise ibintu mu minwe uravye ibitigiri binini vy'ingabo ifise.

Uravye ku mpapuro, inzego zijejwe umutekano za Afghanistan zigera ku 300.000. Aha harimwo igisirikare ca Afghanistan, ingabo zirwanira mu kirere hamwe n'igiporisi.

Ariko mu vy'ukuri, igihugu camye gifise ingorane zo gushika ku ntego zaco mu bijanye no kwinjiza abasirikare.

Igisirikare ca Afghanistan gifise kahise kabi karanzwe n'abapfa ku bwinshi, abahunga urugamba n'ibiturire - aho hari intwazangabo zimwe zimwe zidaterwa isoni no gusaba imishahara y'abasirikare batahari. - bazwi nka "soldats fantômes/ghost soldiers".

Mu cegeranyo aherutse gushikiriza inama nshingamateka na nkenguzamateka ya Amerika, uwujejwe gukurikirana ibikorwa vyo gusanura Afghanistan (Special Inspector General for Afghanistan, SIGAR) yarerekanye "amakenga akomeye ku ngaruka mbi cane z'igiturire...hamwe n'igitigiri kidatomoye c'ingabo nyezina".

Jack Watling wo mu kigo Royal United Services Institute (RUSI), avuga ko igisirikare ca Afghanistan kitigeze kimenya igitigiri nyezina c'abasirikare gifise.

Hambavu y'ibi, avuga ko hamye hari ingorane yo kubungabunga ibikoresho na morale. Akenshi abasirikare bakunze kurungikwa mu turere basanzwe badakomokamwo batanafisemwo imiryango n'incuti. Iki kiboneka nka kimwe mu bishobora kuba bituma bihuta guta ibirindiro vyabo batanarwanye.

Biranagoye no kumenya inguvu z'aba Taliban.

Igisata ca Amerika kijejwe kurwanya iterabwoba, US Combating Terrorism Center, kiri kw'ishure rya gisirikare rya West Point, kivuga ko aba barwanyi boba bangana na 60.000. Hiyongereyeko n'iyindi mirwi y'abarwanyi n'ababashigikiye, iki gitigiri gishobora kuba kirenga 200.000.

Ariko Dr Mike Martin yahoze ari intwazangabo y'umwongereza avuga ururimi rw'igi Pashto akaba yarakurikiranye intambara yo mu ntara ya Helmand akanavyandika no mu gitabo ciwe yise An Intimate War, aragabisha abafata aba Taliban nk'umurwi umwe rudende.

Ahubwo avuga ko "aba Taliban ari nk'ihuriro ry'imirwi itandukanye yigenga - kandi igira ivyo ihurirako mu gihe kanaka".

Avuga ko na reta ya Afghanistan nayo nyene ifise ingorane z'imirwi irondera inyungu zayo. Akahise kagenda gahindagurika karerekana ingene imiryango, imirwi y'amoko mbere n'abategetsi ba reta bagiye baba mahindagu - akenshi barondera ko boba baramaze na kabiri.

Ingene baronka ibirwanisho

Hanyuma kandi, reta ya Afghanistan yategerezwa kuba ifise akarusho gasumbirije mu bijanye n'amafaranga hamwe n'ibirwanisho.

Yararonse amamiriyaridi n'amamiriyaridi y'amadorari yo kuriha imishahara y'abasirikare no kugura ibikoresho - ahanini bahabwa na Amerika. Mu cegeranyo cayo co mu kw'indwi 2021, SIGAR ivuga ko imiriyaridi zirenga 88 z'amadorari y'abanyamerika zakoreshejwe mu bijanye n'umutekano wa Afghanistan.

Ariko mu buryo buteye impungenge congera ko kiti: "Ivyo kumenya nimba ayo mafaranga yakoreshwa neza bizovana n'ingene bavyifashemwo ku rugamba".

Igisirikare ca Afghanistan kirwanira mu kirere categerezwa kuvyifatamwo neza ku rugamba.

Ariko camye mu ngorane zo kubungabunga no kugendesha izi ndege zingana na 211 (ikibazo kigenda gikomera mu gihe aba Taliban batera n'ibigirankana abadereva bazo). Nta n'ubwo gishobora no kuronsa ivyankenerwa intwazangabo ziri ku rubuga rw'intambara.

Ari co gituma vyabaye ngombwa ko igisirikare ca Amerika kirwanira mu kirere kiza gufasha mu bisagara nka Lashkar Gah catewe n'abarwanyi b'aba Taliban.

Aba Taliban bakunze kuronka amahera bakura mu rucuruzwa rw'ibiyayuramutwe, ariko kandi bararonka n'izindi mfashanyo ziva hanze - ahanini muri Pakistan.

Ubuheruka, aba Taliban barafashe ibirwanisho n'ibindi bikoresho bavyatse ingabo za Afghanistan - bimwe muri vyo bikaba ari ivyatanzwe na Amerika - harimwo n'ibimodoka Humvees vya burende (blindés), ibikoresho bifasha kubona mw'ijoro, inkoho zikomakomeye hamwe na vya muzinga.

Afghanistan yari isanzwe yuzuye ibirwanisho inyuma y'intambara yayihuje n'icahoze ari Repubulika Zunze Ubumwe y'aba Soviet (URSS), kandi aba Taliban barerekanye ko bashobora gutsinda igisirikare gikomeye cane n'aho boba bakoresha ibirwanisho bishaje.

Iyumvire ingene inganda zatikiye mu ngabo za Amerika n'iz'Ubwongereza bakoresheje ya mabombe ategwa mu kuzimu ( Improvised Explosive Device, IED). Iki, gifatanye n'ingene bazi akarere, caratumye bavyifatamwo neza.

Mu kwibanda mu buraruko no mu burengero

N'aho aba Taliban bamye baboneka ko batari hamwe, biraboneka ko muri izi ntambara bafise integuro itomoye.

Ben Barry yahoze ari intwazangabo mu gisirikare c'Ubwongereza avuga ko aba Taliban bashobora kuba bashika ku vyo bashikako giturumbuka, ariko akongerako ati: "Mu gihe wogira uti utegure ibijanye n'isekeza, vyogorana cane kuronka ikintu ciza kirenze kuri ibi".

Yerekana ingene ibitero vy'aba Taliban vyibanze mu buraruko no mu burengero, hakwihutira intara zahoze ari ibirindiro vyabo vyo mu bumanuko, aho bagenda bigarurira imigwa mikuru y'intara imwe ku yindi.

Aba Taliban barigaruriye imihora mikuru mikuru ijana mu bihugu vyo hanze, ibi bigatuma banyuruza amafaranga menshi ava mu makori yari kwegeranywa na reta isanzwe iri mu bukene bw'amafaranga.

Barongereje akariro kandi mu kwica abategetsi bakuru bakuru, abaharanira agateka ka muntu n'abanyamakuru. Bukebuke bagenda bafuta bimwe mu vyashitsweko muri ino myaka 20 iheze.

Nayo ku bijanye n'integuro ya reta - aha ntivyoroshe gusigura.

Ivyo kwisubiza uturere twigaruriwe n'aba Taliban bigenda biba nk'umugani.

Barry avuga ko bisa n'uko hari integuro yo gukingira ibisagara bikuru bikuru. Ariko kugeza ryari?

Igitigiri c'ingabo zidasanzwe za Afghanistan ni gito cane, hafi 10.000 kandi zinyanyagijwe irya n'ino.

Aba Taliban kandi baboneka ko bariko baratsinda intambara ya propagande n'iy'amajambo.

Barry avuga ko inguvu zabo ku rugamba zatumye morale yabo iduga kandi bibatuma bumva ko bategerezwa gukorera hamwe.

Ariko ku rundi ruhande ntibimeze uko, reta ya Afghanistan igenda isubira inyuma nk'ibirenge, baterana amajambo, birukana intwazangabo z'abajenerali.

None bizoherera he?

Ibintu bimeze nabi cane kuri reta ya Afghanistan.

Ariko Jack Watling wa RUSI avuga ko n'aho atari heza na gato ku gisirikare ca Afghanistan, "poritike ishobora gusubiza ibintu mu buryo".

Mu gihe reta yoshobora kwigarurira abarongoye amoko, abona ko reta ishobora kugira amahirwe yo kwihagararako.

Ibi kandi niko Mike Martin abibona, akabona ko kubona uwahoze ari umukuru w'abarwanyi Abdul Rashid Dostum agaruka mu gisagara ca Mazar-i-Sharif kigira kane c'igihugu, ari ikintu gikomeye cane. Yanatanguye n'ibiganiro.

Iyi ntambara yo mu ci mu misi irarangira mu gihe urushana ruzoba rutanguye muri Afghanistan - iki gihe kikaba kitorosha ibintu ku barwanyi.

Biracashoboka ko Afghanistan ishika mu mpera z'umwaka icihagazeko, ikagumana Kabul n'ibisagara bikuru bikuru bimwe bimwe.

Vyongeye, mu gihe aba Taliban boramuka bacanyemwo, ibintu bishobora kubahindukana bikaba nabi.

Ariko ubu, bisa n'uko utwigoro twa Amerika na OTAN two kugarukana amahoro, umutekano n'ituze muri Afghanistan twabaye impfagusa, nk'uko vyagendeye aba Soviet imbere yabo.