Daga ina 'mutane masu shan jini' suka samo asali?

A farkon ƙarni na 18, gomman mutane a Serbia sun riƙa yin wata mutuwa mai cike da ban mamaki, inda aka yi zargin cewa maƙwafcinsu da ya mutu ne ke bibiyar su, sai su ji kamar an shaƙe su ko kuma suna numfashi cikin wahala kafin su mutu.

Musamman wasu ƙananan kauyuka biyu, Medvedja da ke kudancin ƙasar Serbia da kuma Kisiljevo a arewa maso yammaci, nan ne aka fi samun raɗe-raɗin mutuwar.

Ƙauyukan na da nisan kilomita 200 tsakaninsu, amma sun bayar da rahotannin abubuwan ban mamaki masu kama da juna cikin shekara 10.

An aiko likitoci daga ƙasar Austria domin su binciki dalilan da suka yi sanadin mutuwar, kuma sun tattara cikakken rahoton abubuwan da suka gano. Cikin gaggawa rahoton bincikensu ya isa ga kafafen yaɗa labaran Austria daga baya kuma zuwa ga masu bincike a makarantu.

Masanin tarihi na Jamus, Thomas M Bohn, wanda ya wallafa littafin 'Vampires: The Origin of the European Myth', ya ce daga haka ne aka samo kalmar 'Vampire', a wata jarida mai suna ‘Wienerisches Diarium’ a shekarar 1725.

Masu shan jini, wasu halittu ne da ake tunanin suna rayuwa ne ta hanyar shan jinin mutane.

Labarai kan siffofin masu shan jini na cikin rubutun aladu a faɗin duniya, amma kalmar ''Vampire'' ta shahara ne a yammacin Turai bayan waɗannan rahotannin a ƙarni na 18.

‘Aikin shaiɗan’

A ƙauyen Kisiljevo a shekarar 1725, mutane 9 sun mutu cikin kwanaki biyu. Dukkansu ana zargin cewa sun yi magana kan wani maƙwabcin su gabanin mutuwarsu.

Sun ce mutumin da ake kira Petar Blagojevi, wanda ya riga ya mutu tun a baya, ya zo musu a cikin mafarki yana shaƙe su.

A nasu martanin, mutanen garin sun tono kabarin Blagojevic suka ga gawar shi kamar yadda aka binne shi, lamarin da ƴan garin ke kallo a matsayin 'shaida kan aikin shaiɗan'.

''Fuskarsa, hannunsa, da kafarsa, da ma dukkanin jikinsa, ya yi kyau fiye da lokacin da yake a raye,'' wani jami'i daga Austria wanda ke wurin a lokacin da aka tono gawar ya rubuta haka.

''Wani babban abin mamaki, a bakin gawar na ga sabon jini, wanda kamar yadda kowa ya yi imani da, ya sha ne daga jikin waɗanda ya kashe.''

Farfesa Clemens Ruthner daga makarantar Trinity da ke Dublin ya yarda cewa kalmar 'Vampire' ta samo asali ne a wannan lokaci da likitocin Austria ke tono kabarurruka kuma suna tattaunawa da ƴan garin waɗanda ke fassara musu abin da ke faruwa.

''Ana tunanin mai fasarar ya faɗi wata kalma kamar 'upir' wata kalma a yaren Slovene da ke nufin shaiɗan ko aljani, kuma a wannan rashin fahimtar aka haifar da kalmar 'vampire','' a cewar sa.

Ta hanyar haɗuwa tsakanin hukumomin Austria waɗanda ke kallon kansu a matsayin 'wayayyu' da kuma ƴan kauyen da ƴan Austria ke wa kallon 'kauyawa', aka samu wata sabuwar halitta, in ji shi.

A ƙoƙarinsu na kawo ƙarshen Petar, ana ganin ƴan kauyen sun soka katako cikin zuciyarsa sannan suka ƙona gawarsa, wanda hakan ya kawo ƙarshen rahotannin masu shan jini a ƙauyen.

Duk da dai wannan lamarin ya janyo hankalin mutane, lokaci bai yi ba da za a yi amfani da kalmar 'vampirism' kalmar da ke nuni ga yarda da masu shan jini- domin janyo hankalin mutane da dama, a cewar farfesa Bohn.

A zamanin, ba a amincewa da duk wani abu da ba za a iya bayaninsa da cikakkiyar hujja ba.

Masu shan jini ko waɗanda aka huce haushi kansu?

Bayan shekaru bakwai, a watan Janairun 1732, ƙauyen Medvedja ya faɗa cikin yanayi na tsoro.

Cikin watanni uku, mutane 17, ciki har lafiyayyun yara masu ƙananan shekaru, sun mutu ba tare da wani dalili na zahiri ba.

Kamar yadda lamarin ya faru a ƙauyen Kisiljevo, wasu daga cikin mamatan sun yi ƙorafi kan wani yanayi da suke ji na rashin iya numfashi da kuma tsananin ciwo a ƙirjinsu kafin su mutu.

Bayan bin umurnin tono ƙaburbura, Dakta Johannes Fluckinger ya rubuta rahoto inda ya ambato wani ɗan bindiga a matsayin wanda ke jagoranatar masu shan jini.

Rahotanni sun nuna cewa gawarsa ba ta riga ta ruɓe ba, kuma jini na kwararowa daga idonsa, da hancinsa, da bakinsa da kuma kunnensa.

Hakan ya zama wata shaidar da ta tabbatar wa mutanen Medvedja cewa tabbas shi mai shan jini ne, wanda ya sa shi ma suka soka mishi katako cikin zuciyarsa sannan suka ƙona gawarsa.

"Babu wasu bayanai masu yawa da aka sani game da rayuwar wannan mutumin, wanda ya mutu, amma ƴan ƙauyen suka huce haushi a kansa,'' kamar yadda Thomas Bohn ya wallafa a littafinsa.

Ya na ganin wannan mutumin sunansa Arnaut Pavle, ɗan asalin kasar Albania wanda ya zo daga yankin Kosovo.

''Petar Blagojevic daga Kisiljevo da kuma Arnaut Pavle daga Medvedja su ne mutanen farko da aka sani a matsayin hallitu masu shan jini,'' in ji shi.

Bayanin kimiyya

A yayin da ƴan ƙauyen ke tsorata kan gawarwakin da ba su ruɓe ba, likitocin zamani sun nuna cewa yanayin da aka ga gawarwakin, ba baƙon abu ba ne.

''Christian Reiter, sanannen likita da ke Austria, ya na ganin cewa annobar cutar Anthrax ta taka rawa wajen mace-macen, wadda yawanci akan same ta bayan yaƙe-yaƙe a shekarun baya,'' in ji farfesa Ruthner.

Cutar Anthrax wata cuta ce da ƙwayoyin cuta na 'bacteria' da ake samu daga dabbobin da ke ɗauke da ita zuwa mutane, wadda ke kaiwa ga mutuwa.

Ruthner yana kuma ganin cewa rahotannin yanayin da suke ji na kamar ana shaƙe su kafin su mutu, na da alaƙa da cutar sanyin haƙarƙari na nimoniya.

''Idan ka karanta rahoton da kyau, za ka ga cewa ba wanda ya ga masu shan jinin da idanunsa. Tunanin kuma cewa su na shan jini fassara ce kawai ta likitocin Austria,'' in ji shi.

Thomas Bohn ya na kuma ganin cewa shan jini wasu ƙarairayi ne kawai da mutanen yamma suka ƙirƙiro.

Duk da haka, yarda da masu shan jinin da kuma tsoron su ya cigaba da wanzuwa a zukatan mutane, a cewar wani masanin tarihi a Medvedjia, Ivan Nesic.

Ya bayyana cewa ko bayan shafe lokaci mai tsawo bayan mutuwar Petar Blagojevic da Arnaut Pavle, mutanen kauyukan sun cigaba da kare kansu da gidajensu daga masu shan jini.

''Ana ganin mai shan jini ɗan Serbia ya na kama da wani fata da aka hura, wadda ke cike da jini,'' in ji shi.

''Mutane na ganin cewa zai fashe kamar balan-balan idan aka huda shi. A don haka suke saka bishiyoyi masu ƙaya a kofar shiga gidajensu, da tagogi da kuma ƙofofi saboda kariya.''

Madadi ga 'barazanar Turkawa'

Kisiljevo da Medvedja duk sun fito ne daga wasu yankuna da ke kan iyakoki waɗanda ke ƙarkashin sarautar Habsburg a karshen shekarun 1700, ɗaruruwan shekaru bayan Daular Usmaniyya.

Farfesa Ruthner na ganin cewa bayyanar masu shan jinin ya ja hankalin mutane ne saboda lamarin ya faru ne a yankunan da ke cike da rikici.

A tsakiyar ƙarni na 18, wani sabon lokaci na ganin masu shan jini ya ɓulla a ƙarƙashin sarautar Habsburg, sai dai an haramta duk wani yaƙi kan hallitun domin daƙile camfe-camfen.

Sai dai an dawo da masu shan jini bayan wani ɗan lokaci a wata siffa ta daban.

''Masu shan jini a zamanin abubuwan soyayya kyawawa ne, kuma farare masu ɗaukaka, ba kamar masu shan jinin ƙauyukan Serbia ba masu ƙumburarru kuma jajayen fuskoki,'' a cewar Ruthner.

An ƙirƙiro masu shan jini da ke da kwarjini kuma wayayyu na ƙaggagun labarai na zamani a shekarar 1819 bayan buga wani littafi mai suna "The Vampyre" da marubuci John Polidori ya yi.

Labarin da Bram Stokes ya rubuta a 1897 mai suna Dracula ana bayyana shi a matsayin labarin da ya fi kowanne a cikin labaran masu shan jini, kuma zuwa yanzu shi ne ya assasa yadda ake kallon masu shan jini a wannan zamanin.