Yadda Shirin Bunkasa China na shekara biyar ya canza duniya

Manyan jagororin China na taruwa a Beijing cikin wannan mako don yanke shawara a kan muhimman burukan kasar da muradanta a nan gaba cikin shekara biyar.

Duk shekara ko wani abu mai kama da haka, babbar majalisar harkokin mulki ta kasar, wato Babban Kwamitin Jam'iyyar Kwamunisanci ta Al'ummar China na haduwa tsawon mako guda don yin taruka.

Abin da suke yankewa a wannan lokacin shi ne daga bisani zai zama tushen Shirin China na Raya Kasa tsawon Shekara Biyar mai zuwa - jadawali ne da kasar ta biyu mafi karfin tattalin arziki a duniya za ta yi aiki da shi a tsakanin shekara 2026 zuwa 2030.

Cikakken Shirin ba zai fara aiki ba sai cikin shekara mai zuwa, sai dai jami'ai na da yiwuwar bincina abin da shirin ya kunsa ranar Laraba kuma a baya sukan ba da karin bayanai cikin mako guda da yin taron.

"Manufofin Kasashen Yamma na aiki ne da zagayowar zabe, amma manufofin China na aiki ne kan zagayowar harkokin tsare-tsaren ci gaban kasa," in ji Neil Thomas, wani jami'i kan harkokin siyasar China a Cibiyar Tsara Manufofin Al'umma ta Asiya.

"Shirin Gina Kasa na Shekara Biyar da ke fayyace abubuwan da China ke son cimma, na nuni da alkiblar da shugabancin kasar ke son tunkara da kuma zuba dukiyar kasar kan wadannan al'amura," ya kara da cewa.

A fuska, ga alama ana iya yi wa azancin ganin daruruwan jami'an gwamnati cikin kwat da laktaye suna musabaha da fitar da tsare-tsare kallon wani abu mai gundura - amma tarihi ya fada mana cewa abin da suka yanke shawara a kai yana da gagarumin tasiri ga duniya.

Ga lokuta uku da Shirin Raya Kasa na Shekara Biyar na China ya sake fasalin tattalin arzikin duniya.

1981-84: "Sauye-sauye da Bude Kofa"

Abu ne mai wahala sanin takamaiman lokacin da China ta fara tafiya don zama kasaitacciyar kasa mai karfin tattalin arziki, amma da yawan jami'ai a jam'iyyar kamar suna cewa lamarin ya fara ne daga ranar 18 ga watan Disamban 1978.

Tsawon kusan shekara talatin, tattalin arzikin China na rike tamau a hannun hukuma. Salo irin na tarayyar Sobiyet ya kasa daga ta zuwa bunkasar arziki kuma mutane da yawa suna fama a cikin bakin talauci.

Kasar tana ta kokarin farfadowa daga zamanin mulkin Mao Zedong da ya daidaita al'amura. Gagarumin Yunkuri zuwa Gaba da kuma Juyin-Juya-Halin Al'adu - wani gangami a karkashin jagoran China da ya kafa jam'iyyar Kwamunisanci don sake fasalin tattalin arzikin kasar da kuma na al'ummarta - ya yi sanadin mutuwar miliyoyin mutane.

Da yake jawabi a taron Babban Kwamitin Jam'iyyar Kwamunisanci karo na 11 a Beijing, sabon shugaban China Deng Xiaoping ya ayyana cewa lokaci ya yi da za su rungumi wasu bangarori na sakar wa kasuwa mara.

Manufar gwamnatinsa ta kawo "sauye-sauye da bude kofofi" ta zama jigo ga Shirin Raya Kasa na Shekara Biyar wanda ya fara a 1981.

Kirkiro Shiyyoyin Tattalin Arziki na Musamman don kasuwanci ba tare da haraji ba - da kuma janyo ra'ayin masu sha'awar zuba jari daga kasashen waje - sun kawo canji ga rayukan al'umma a China.

A cewar Mista Thomas, manufofin Shirin Raya Kasa na Shekara Biyar ba lallai ne a iya cim musu cikin kwarin gwiwa ba.

"China a yau, ta zarce duk wani tunanin lissafin dokin Rano ga mutumin da ke shekarun 1970" in ji shi. "Ta fuskar dawo da martabar kasa da kuma tabbatar da matsayinta a tsakanin gawurtattun kasashe masu karfin iko a duniya," a cewarsa.

Amma kuma a ainihi ta sake fasalin tattalin arzikin duniya. Zuwa karni na 21, miliyoyin ayyuka a masana'antun kasashen Yamma ne suka koma sabbin kamfanoni a yankunan gabar teku na China.

Masana tattalin arziki sun kira wannan lamari da "gagarumin tasirin bunkasar China" kuma yana daya daga cikin ginshikan tasowar jam'iyyu masu ra'ayin ci gaban al'umma a tsoffin yankunan ci gaban masana'antu na Turai da Amurka.

Ga misali, manufofin bunkasa tattalin arziki na Donald Trump - yakinsa na kasuwanci da lafta wa kasashe haraji - an tsara su ne domin mayar da ayyukan masana'antun Amurka da ta rasa a hannun China tsawon gomman shekaru zuwa gida.

2011-15: "Tsararren tashin masana'antu"

Matsayin China a cibiyar hada-hadar duniya ya karfafa ne bayan ta shiga Kungiyar Kasuwanci ta Duniya a 2001. Sai dai a shudewar karni, shugabancin jam'iyyar Kwamunisanci tuni ya fara tsara mataki na gaba da zai dauka.

An cika da hattara game da fadawar China cikin abin da ake kira "tarkon kasashe masu matsakaicin samu".

Wannan na faruwa ne lokacin da kasar da ke yunkurowa sama ba za ta iya ci gaba da biyan makaskancin albashi ba, a lokaci guda kuma ba ta da karfin fasahar da za ta iya yin kayayyaki da ayyuka masu matukar inganci kamar na kasashe masu ci gaban tattalin arziki.

To, maimakon kawai masana'antu masu arhar kaya, China na bukatar samo abin da ake kira "tsararrun masana'antu masu tasowa" - wani suna wanda karon farko aka yi amfani da shi a hukumance cikin shekara ta 2010. Ga shugabannin China, hakan na nufin fasahohi maras gurbata muhalli kamar motocin lantarki da faya-fayen lantarki na sola.

Yayin da sauyin yanayi ke kara zama abu mai muhimmanci ga siyasar kasashen Yamma, China ta zuba dukiya mai yawan da ba a taba gani ba cikin wadannan sabbin masana'antu

A yau, China ba kawai jagorar da ba a inkari ba ce a duniya kan fannin makamashin da ake iya sabuntawa da motocin lantarki, tana kuma gab da yin babakere kan harkar wani ma'adanin kasa mai wuyar samu da ake bukata domin kera su.

Babakere a kan wadannan muhimman ma'adanan kasa da China ta yi - wadanda kuma ginshikai ne wajen hada mitsi-mitsin sassan kwakwalwar na'ura da kirkirarriyar basira - a yanzu sun sanya ta hawa wani matakin kasa mai karfi a duniya.

Ta yadda har Trump yana cewa yunkurin China na baya-bayan nan wajen takaita fitar da ma'adanin kasar mai wuyar samu, wani kokari ne na "yin garkuwa da al'ummar duniya".

Duk da yake "tsararren karfin soja mai tasowa" na kunshe a cikin Shirin Raya Kasa na Shekara Biyar a 2011, an fahimci cewa fasahohi marasa gurbata muhalli a matsayin babban arzikin samun bunkasa da karfin iko a sashen nahiyar Asiya daga shugaban China na wancan lokacin Hu Jintao a farkon shekarun 2000.

"Wannan buri na ganin China ta kara zama mai dogaro da kanta ta fuskar tattalin arziki da fasahar kere-kare da 'yancinta na daukar matakai, ya samo asali ne daga can - a wani bangare na ruhin akidar Jam'iyyar Kwamunisanci ta Al'ummar China," Neil Thomas ya bayyana.

2021-2025: "Ci gaba mai matukar inganci"

Wannan na iya bayyana dalilan da suka sa Shirin Raya Kasa na Shekara Biyar a shekarun baya-bayan nan ya mayar da hankali ga fannin "ci gaba mai matukar inganci", wanda a hukumance Xi Jinping ya kawo a 2017.

Hakan na nufin kalubalantar kane-kanen da Amurka ta yi a fannin ci gaban kere-kere da kuma tura China kan gaba a sashen.

Labaran nasarorin da ta samu a cikin gida kamar bullo da manhajar aika bidiyo ta TikTok da katafaren kamfanin harkokin sadarwa na Huawei kai hatta DeepSeek, fasahar kirkirarriyar basira, duka shaida ne ta gagarumar bunkasar harkokin fasaha da China ta yi cikin wannan karni.

Sai dai kasashen yamma na kara ganin wannan lamari a matsayin wata barazana ga tsaron kasashensu. Haramcin da ya biyo baya da kuma yunkurin haramta kere-keren China masu tashe sun shafi miliyoyin masu amfani da intanet a fadin duniya kuma sun haddasa kazamin rikicin diflomasiyya.

Kafin yanzu, China tana yunkura kere-kerenta masu nasara ne da fasahohin Amurka kamar semiconduntor masu ci gaba na kamfanin Nvidia.

Ganin yadda yanzu hukumomin Washington suka toshe cinikayyarsu ga China, ana sa rai "ci gaba mai matukar inganci" zai canza zuwa "sabon karfin samar da abubuwa masu inganci" – wani sabon kirari da Xi ya kawo a 2023, wanda ya karkata alkiblar China zuwa alfahari da kasa da harkokin tsaron kasa.

Hakan na nufin sanya China a jerin yin kayan kwakwalwar na'ura mafi zamani da kwamfutoci da kirkirarriyar basira – ba tare da dogaro da fasahohin kasashen Yamma ba da kuma yin riga-kafi ga tukunkumai.

Zama mai dogaro da kai a dukkan fannoni, musamman kan gaba a fagen duk wasu kere-kere, mai yiwuwa za su kasance daya daga cikin manyan ginshikan Shirin Raya Kasa na Shekara Biyar mai zuwa.