Umugambi w’ubugome wo guturitsa ikibombe c’ubumara ku kwezi

Mu myaka ya 1950, igihe icahoze ari Reta Zunze Ubumwe z’Abasoviyeti (URSS/USSR) casa n’icari ku muvuduko udasanzwe wo kwiganzira ikirere, abahinga ba Amerika bateguye umugambi udasanzwe - gutera ikibombe c’ubumara ku kwezi mu ntumbero yo gutera ubwoba Abasoviyeti.

Igihe umuhinga mu vy’ikirere Neil Armstrong ashika ku kwezi mu 1969, cabaye kimwe mu bihe bikomeye ntibagiranwa muri kahise.

Ariko rero, mbega vyari kugenda gute iyo ukwezi Armstrong yahagazeko kwari kuba kwimburuwe cane kukinjirwa n'ubumara kubera ibi bibombe vy’ubumara?

Ugicisha ijisho kuri kino cegeranyo c’ubushakashatsi ciswe – A Study of Lunar Research Flights, Vol 1 – ubona umengo ni ikintu gisanzwe kandi ata kabi karimwo. Igitabo umengo ntaco kivuze umuntu atotako umwanya wiwe. Kandi iyo ni yo yari intumbero.

Ariko kubitiza akajisho ku gifuniko, aha niho uca utangura kubona ko ibintu bisa n’ibihindutse gatoya.

Ikimenyetso kiri hagati ni inkinzo yerekana atome, ibombe y’ubumara n’igicu c’ivyotsi – ikimenyetso c’ikigo Air Force Special Weapons Center ku kirindiro c’igisirikare kirwanira mu kirere (Air Force Base) kiri i Kirtland mu ntara ya New Mexico, cagize uruhara rudasanzwe mu guhingura no kugerageza ibirwanisho ruhonyanganda vy’ubumara.

Hasi hari izina ry’umwanditsi: L Reiffel, canke Leonard Reiffel, umwe mu bahinga ba Amerika bafashe iya mbere mu bijanye n’ubuhinga bwa nikleyeri. Yakoranye na Enrico Fermi, yakoze icitwa réacteur nucléaire/nuclear reactor ya mbere kw’isi, agafatwa ko ari we “mwubatsi w’ibombe ruhonyanganda y’ubumara”.

Uwu mugambi wari uzwi nka Project A119, wari umugambi wo mw’ibanga rikomeye cane wo guturitsa ikibombe ya hydrogen ku kwezi. Ibibombe vy’ubumara bwa hydrogen ni ruhonyanganda gusumba kure cane ikibombe c’ubumara ca mbere catewe ku gisagara ca Hiroshima mu Buyapani mu 1945, kandi cari co kibombe c’ubumara kigezweho ico gihe.

Igihe yasabwa “kwihutisha” uwo mugambi n’abategetsi ba gisirikare bakuru bakuru b’igisirikare kirwanira mu kirere, Reiffel yasohoye ivyegeranyo vyinshi hagati ya Rusama (5) 1958 na Nzero (1) 1959 ku bijanye n’ingene uwu mugambi woshirwa mu ngiro.

Uwu mugambi mubi waje kumenyekana mu myaka ya 1990, ushizwe ahabona n’uwari awuhagarariye, Carl Sagan, awushize mu nzandiko yatanze igihe yariko asaba akazi kuri kaminuza imwe y’incabwenge.

N’ubwo wari gufasha mu kwishura ibibazo shingiro bimwe bimwe ku vyerekeye ukwezi, intego ya mbere y’umugambi Project A119 yari iyo kwerekana inguvu.

Iyi bombe yari guturikira ku gice kizwi nka Terminator Line – umurongo w’urubibe hagati y’uruhande rw’umuco n’uruhande rw’umwijima ku kwezi - kugira ngo habe umuco w’ibibatsi buri muntu, ariko cane cane buri muntu muri Kremlin, yari kwibonera n’amaso yiwe.

Hari insiguro imwe nyayo y’umugambi nk’uwu uteye ubwoba – kandi imvo iri ahantu, hagati na hagati y’ukwumva ko badatekaniwe be no kwiheba.

Mu myaka ya 1950, ntivyagaragara ko Amerika yariko iratsinda ya ntambara yo kurerekana (guerre froide/Cold War). Abanyagihugu n’abanyaporitike batari bake babona ko URSS yari imbere mu guhingura ibirwanisho ruhonyandanga vy’ubumara, cane cane mu guhingura indege zitera amabombe ruhonyanganda y’ubumara hamwe n’ibisasu vya misire z’ubumara.

Mu 1952, Amerika yari yamaze kugerageza ikibombe ca mbere ca hydrogène. Haciye imyaka itatu, Abasoviyeti baratesheje umutwe Washington mu guturitsa ikibombe cabo ca hydrogène. Mu 1957, bararushirijeho mu kuba aba mbere barungitse ikigendajuru ca mbere gihinguwe n’umuntu, Sputnik 1, mu kirere kizunguruka isi.

Ico gihe Abanyamerika ntibiyumvise neza kubona Sputnik irungikwa mu kirere hakoreshejwe misire y’Abasoviyeti yambukiranya imigabane (Missile balistique intercontinental/ intercontinental ballistic missile) – vyunyurwa n’uko Amerika yananiwe no kurungika “ukwezi kw’uguhingurano”, umugambi waje gupfa habaye igiturika karuhariwe, cateye ubwoba bwinshi cane. Inyenga yahitanye roketi yabo ya Vanguard irungika ibigendajuru yarafashwe amashusho yerekanywe kw’isi yose.

Ikinyamakuru co mu Bwongereza ico gihe cakoresheje amajambo y’ubukari: VANGUARD YANANIWE…ibisubije inyuma …..umugambi wo kwiha icubahiro no kwimenyekanisha…”

Ico gihe cose, abana bo mu mashure ya Amerika baguma berekwa videwo yamenyekanye cane “Duck and Cover”, yari iyo kwigisha abana ico bokora mu gihe hoba igitero ruhonyanganda c’ubumara.

Mu nyuma, muri uwo mwaka nyene, ibinyamakuru vya Amerika vyasubiyemwo isoko rikuru ryo mu gisata c’igendereza vyanditse ko “Abasivoyeti bategura guturitsa bombe ya hydrogène ku kwezi ku musi w’isabukuru ya Revolisiyo [Revolution] ku wa 07 Munyonyo” (ibinyamakuru The Daily Times, New Philadelphia, Ohio) biyikurikizako amakuru yavuga ko Abasoviyeti bashobora kuba bari mu nteguro zo kurekura roketi y’ubumara ku mubanyi wacu wa hafi cane [ukwezi].

Kimwe n’ibindi bihuha vyarangwa mu ntambara y’ukurerekana, vyari bigoye gutahura iyo aya makuru yazananye.

Igitangaje, ubu bwoba bushobora no kuba bwatumye Abasoviyeti nabo bategura imigambi yabo. Uwo mugambi wiswe E4 wabo wasa n’uw’Abanyamerika, ariko mu nyuma ukaba warahebwe ku mvo nk’izabo – ubwoba bw’uko ari nka hamwe bokirungika kikanka cohava giturikira ku butaka bwa URSS, bakabona ko cari guteza akaga katipfuzwa kw’isi.

Bashobora kuba bari barabonye ko gushika ku kwezi cari ikintu ca mbere kidasanzwe.

Ariko umugambi wa Project A119 wari gushoboka.

Mu 2000 Reiffel yaragize ico abivugako. Yaremeje ko “umugambi wari gushoboka” kandi ko abari kw’isi bashobora kubona iki kibombe gituritse.

Igisirikare kirwanira mu kirere nta ngorane nini cari gifise ku kibazo c’uko batabona neza ingene ukwezi guteye, n’aho abahinga bobo bari bafise impungenge.

Alex Wellerst, umuhinga mu vya kahise kajanye na siyansi n’ubuhinga bwa nikleyeri, avuga ati: "Project A119 cabaye kimwe mu vyiyumviro bitari bike vyatanzwe mu guhangana na Sputnik, muri vyo hakaba harimwo gukorora Sputnik, iki kikaba cabonwa ko bwari ubugome bubi cane.

"Ubu ivyo bahavuye bakora kwabaye ukurungika ikigendajuru cabo, kandi vyafashe igihe gito, ariko barabandanije n’uwu mugambi mu buryo bukomeye, nibura mu mpera za 1950.

"Iki kirerekana ivyari mu mutwe w’Abanyamerika muri ico gihe. Ibi bituma muja mw’ihiganwa ku buryo musanga mwakoze ikintu gitangaje”.

Ntazi neza nimba ubwoba bari bafise ku bakomunista bwatumye abahinga bakorera kuri uno mugambi.

"Umuntu uwo ari we wese yakoze muri ibi yasa n'uwavyiyemeje ubwiwe. Nta ngorane babona mu kazi nk’aka. Iyo baba bari bafise ubwoba, bari gushobora kora ibindi. Abahinga benshi bakoze ibi mu gihe c’intambara y’ukurerekana, bavuga ko harimwo poritike nyinshi cane”.

Hashobora kuba harabaye ukundi kwisuzuma kubera intambara ya Vietnam.

Bleddyn Bowen, umuhinga mu n’imigenderanire mpuzamakungu ku bijanye n'ikirere, agira ati: "Umugambi wa Project A119 unyibutsa igice co muri The Simpsons igihe Lisa abona icapa ca Nelson canditse ko ngo 'Nuke the Whales' ku ruhome rwiwe, aca avuga ngo, ‘aho rero raba utere ikintu ukoresheje ibombe y’ubumara”.

Ati: "Ubu bwari ubushakashatsi bukomeye, ariko ntibwashizwemwo umutahe wari ukenewe canke ngo bwitabweho hanze y’abahinga b‘ikirere. Vyari mu bigize impera z’imyaka ya 1950 n’intango za 1960, igihe ata muntu n’umwe yashobora kumenya ingene ikirere kizoba kimeze mu myaka y’imbere”.

"Mu gihe hoba ikindi kintu ico ari co cose coba gisa n’uwu mugambi ujanye n’ukwezi kubera ubwoba, kizoba giteye kubiri n’intumbero mpuzamakungu …yemejwe hafi n’ibihugu vyose kw’isi”.

None imigambi nk’iyi yohava igaruka n’aho hari umwimvikano mpuzamakungu? Bowen ati: "Ndumva induru ziva hamwe hamwe no muri Pentagon zivuga ko igisata ca gisirikare ca Amerika kijejwe ibikorwa vya gisirikare vyo mu kirere gikwiye kwihweza ibikorwa bijanye n’ukwezi”.

Nimba bimwe muri ibi vyiyumviro bitumvikana bitagitsimbataye muri Amerika, ibi ntibisigura ko ata handi vyoba vyakirwa n’igishika – nko mu Bushinwa.

Bowen yongerako ati: "Ntivyontangaza ari nka hamwe hokwaduka abantu mu Bushinwa bashaka kubandanya bimwe muri ibi vyiyumviro kubera bibaza ko ku kwezi ari heza, kandi mu gisirikare ivyiyumviro nk’ibi birakora”.

Vyinshi mu biri muri uno mugambi wa Project A119 biracari mw’ibanga. Ibitari bike muri vyo vyarasambuwe.