Genocide ni iki, ni nde yakoresheje iri jambo ku ntambara ya Gaza?

Intambara ya Gaza yateye impari kw'isi yose ku vyerekeye kumenya nimba Israel iriko irakora jenoside, benshi babona ko ari co caha gikomeye kuruta ibindi vyose kw'isi hakurikijwe amategeko mpuzamakungu.

Kuva hagati mu kwezi kwa Myandagaro, igitero ca gisirikare ca Israel cahitanye abantu barenga 61.000 — benshi muri bo bakaba ari abasivile — muri Gaza, nk'uko bivugwa n'ubushikiranganji bw'amagara y'abantu muri leta iyobowe na Hamas.

Iryo sekeza ry'ibitero ryatangujwe mu kwishura ku gitero ca Hamas co ku wa 7 Gitugutu 2023, aho benshi mu bantu 1.200 bishwe, na 251 bajanywe bunyagano muri Gaza bari abasivile.

Ubwicanyi n'ugusambura vyatumye abantu benshi biyamiriza ico gitero. Ibihugu vyinshi, harimwo Turkia na Brezil, imigwi iharanira uburenganzira bwa muntu hamwe n'abahinga bamwe bamwe bashizweho n'ishirahamwe mpuzamakungu ONU, bavuze ko inyifato ya Israel muri Gaza ari ubwicanyi bw'ihonyabwoko canke jenoside.

Muri Kigarama 2023, Afrika y'Epfo yashingishije urubanza muri sentare mpuzamakungu mpanavyaha -ICC, irega Israel kubera yarenze ku masezerano yo gukumira itsembabwoko yo mu 1948.

Haciye ukwezi kumwe, icemezo c'infatakibanza kuri urwo rubanza cavuga y'uko abanya Palestina bafise "uburenganzira bwo gukingirwa jenoside". Abacamanza bavuze ko bimwe mu vyaha Afrika y'Epfo yitwariye, hamwe vyogaragara ko ari vyo, bishobora kuja mu gitigiri c'ivyaha vy'agahomerabunwa bihanwa n'iyo sentare.

Intwaro z'ibihugu vy'Uburengero bw'isi, harimwo n'Ubwongereza n'Ubudage, ahanini zaririnze imvugo yerekana ko ibikorwa vya Israel ari itsembabwoko. Perezida w'ubu Faransa, Emmanuel Macron, yavuze ko ata kibanza abarongozi ba politike bafise co gukoresha iryo jambo, ariko "abahinga mu vya kahise" bazoheza bagafata ingingo "mu gihe kibereye".

Israel yarahakanye cane ibirego vy'itsembabwoko ivugwako, yemeza ko ari "ibinyoma vy'agahomerabunwa", ivuga ko yariko irakoresha uburenganzira bwayo bwo kurinda umutekano no kwikingira — ivyo bikaba vyasubiwemwo na kizigenza muri ba somambike bayo, Leta zunze Ubumwe za Amerika.

Ariko none, itsembabwoko risobanura iki, kandi ni nde yoshobora gufata ingingo yo kuryemeza?

Genocide isobanurwa gute?

Iryo jambo ryatanguye gukoreshwa mu mwaka w'1943 n'umuhinga mu vy'amategeko w'Umuyahudi avanze akabira k'Umunya Pologne, Raphael Lemkin, yashize hamwe ijambo ry'ikigereki "genos" (ubwoko canke umuryango) n'ijambo ry'ikilatini "cide" (kwica).

Amaze kubona ivy'itsembabwoko riteye ubwoba ryakorewe Abayahudi, aho umuntu wese wo mu muryango wiwe yishwe hagasigara mwenewabo umwe rudende, Dr Lemkin yarakoze igikorwa co gutuma ubwo bwicanyi bw'agahomerabunwa bwemerwa nk'icaha gihanwa hakurikijwe amategeko mpuzamakungu.

Utwigoro twiwe twatumye ingingo y'ishirahamwe mpuzamakungu kuri ico caha ca jenoside yemerwa mu kwezi kwa Kigarama 1948, itangura gukurikizwa muri Mukakaro 1951. Kugera mu 2022, yari imaze gushirwako igikumu n'ibihugu 153.

Ingingo ya kabiri y'iryo sezerano isobanura ko jenoside ari "icaha cose muri ibi bikurikira gikozwe mu ntumbero yo gutikiza, bose canke igice cabo, umugwi w'abantu basangiye igihugu, ubwoko, umuryango canke idini, nko mu":

• Kwica abagize uwo mugwi .

• Kubabariza bikomeye igufa canke mu mutwe abagize umugwi.

• Guteza n'ibigirankana ibintu bishobora gutuma uwo mugwi usambuka, wose canke igice cawo.

• Gushiraho ingingo zigamije gutuma uwo mugwi udakomeza kubaho mu buryo bwo kuvyara abana.

• Kwimurira ku nguvu abana bo muri uwo mugwi mu wundi mugwi.

Iryo sezerano kandi riha ibihugu vyashizeko umukono inshingano rusangi yo "gukumira no guhana" itsembabwoko.

Ni nde agena ko icaha cakozwe ari genocide?

ONU ivuga ko itagena nimba icaha kibaye ari itsembabwoko, kandi ko inzego z'ubutungane zifise uburenganzira, nka za sentare mpuzamakungu, ari zo zonyene zifise ububasha bwo kubigira. Imanza ku birego bikeyi gusa nizo zaciwe nk'iza jenoside hakurikijwe amategeko mpuzamakungu: jenoside yo mu 1994 mu Rwanda, ubwicanyi bwakozwe muri1995 muri Srebrenica n'aba Serbes bo muri Bosnia, n'igikorwa ca Khmer Rouge co kurwanya imigwi imwe imwe muri Cambodge kuva mu 1975 gushika mu 1979.

Sentare mpuzamakungu ica imanza hagati y'ibihugu ICJ na sentare mpuzamakungu mpanavyaha (ICC) ni zo sentare mpuzamakungu zizwi cane zifise ububasha bwo guca imanza ku bijanye n'itsembabwoko. ONU yarashinze kandi sentare yihariye mu kiringo c'igihe gito yo gukurikirana imanza za jenoside yakorewe mu Rwanda no mu cahoze ari Yugoslavia.

ICJ ni rwo rwego rukuru rw'ubutungane rw'ishirahamwe mpuzamakungu ONU rushinzwe gutorera umuti amatati hagati y'ibihugu. Ibirego vy'itsembabwoko biguma bibandanya harimwo n'ivyo Ukraine yazanye ku Burusiya mu 2022. Kyiv yagirije Kremlin ko ivuga ibinyoma ko Ukraine yakoze jenoside mu karere k'ubuseruko bwa Donbas, kandi ikabikoresha nk'urwitwazo rwo gutera.

Akandi karorero ni urubanza Gambia yashingishirije Myanmar mu 2017. Ivuga ko ico gihugu gifise abantu benshi bo mw'idini rya Budha cakoze jenoside kuri ba nyamuke b'aba Rohingya b'abayisilamu, biciye mu "bikorwa vyakwiragijwe hose vyo kubimura bavanwa mu birwati vyabo.

ICC yashinzwe mu 2002 hakurikijwe amasezerano y'i Roma, ikaba yibanda ku gukurikirana abantu ku giti cabo. Ibihugu 125 gusa vyemeje ayo masezerano ni vyo bimaze kuba abanywanyi b'iyo sentare — Amerika, Ubushinwa n'Ubuhindi ni bimwe mu bihugu bitari muri ayo masezerano.

ICC iramaze gutohoza ku birego vya jenoside, ariko gushika ubu yashizeho umutahe urega gusa Omar Hassan Ahmad Al Bashir, uwahoze ari umukuru w'igihugu ca Sudani yakuwe mu 2019 inyuma y'imyaka hafi mirongo itatu ku butegetsi. Aracidegenvya gushika ubu.

Naho inzego z'igihugu zishinga amategeko ndetse n'ubutegetsi bw'ama leta bishobora gukoresha ijambo "itsembabwoko", ONU ivuga ko izo ngingo zidafise uburemere bw'amategeko hanze y'imipaka y'ibihugu ubwavyo.

Nk'akarorero, ama leta n'inama nshingamateka bitandukanye vyaremeye mu myaka iheze ko Holodomor, ni ukuvuga inzara y'abantu baharugwa mu ma miliyoni muri Ukraine mu 1932-33 kubera politike za Joseph Stalin yo gushira hamwe abanyagihugu mu gukorera hamwe no kwimburira hamwe, ari ubwicanyi bw'ihonyabwoko bwabaye.

Ubwongereza ntibwabikoze kubera politike yabwo imaze igihe kire kire ifata ingingo yo kwemeza ko icaha kanaka ari itsembabwoko hakurikijwe ingingo zifatwa na sentare zibifitiye ububasha.

Hari boba banegura ayo masezerano?

Kuva ayo masezerano y'ishirahamwe mpuzamakungu ONU yemezwa, yaranenzwe n'impande zitandukanye, ahanini n'abababajwe n'ingorane zo kuyashira mu ngiro ku bibazo vyihariye. Bamwe bavuga ko iyo nsiguro ya jenoside itagutse bikwiye, abandi na bo bakavuga ko yataye agaciro kubera gukoreshwa n'aho bitari ngombwa.

Thijs Bouwknegt, umuhinga mu vy'itsembabwoko yakoranye na ICC, mu kiganiro yagiranye n'ikinyamakuru AFP, yavuze ati: "Kuvuga ko icaha kanaka ari ic'itsembabwoko biri hafi kudashoboka."

Yongeyeko ati: "Ubwirizwa kwemeza ko hariho umugambi – kandi uwo mugambi ukaba ari wo wonyene woshobora gusobanura ivyabaye."

Ibindi bimwe bimwe bikunze kunegurwa ni ugukumira imigwi ya politike n'imibano imwe imwe; no kwiyumvira ko hari ibitigiri vy'ababanza kwicwa kugirango ubwo bwicanyi bufatwe nka jenoside.

Bwana Bouwknegt yavuze ko bishobora gutwara imyaka imbere y'uko sentare iyo ari yo yose ifata ingingo ku vyerekeye nimba jenoside yabaye.

Ku bijanye n'u Rwanda, vyatwaye hafi imyaka cumi kugira ngo iyo sentare yashinzwe n'ishirahamwe mpuzamakungu ONU ishike ku ciyumviro c'uko habaye itsembabwoko.

Kandi isi yarinze kurindira kugeza mu mwaka wa 2007 kugirango ICC yemeze ko ubwicanyi bwabereye i Srebrenica mu 1995, bwakorewe abagabo n'abahungu b'abayisilamu hafi 8.000, bwari ubwicanyi bw'ihonyabwoko.

Rachel Burns, umuhinga mu vyo kwihweza ubugizi bwa nabi wo muri kaminuza ya York, yavuze yuko ari bakeyi mu bakoze ivyo bikorwa vy'ubugizi bwa nabi bahavuye bacirirwa urubanza ku vyo bakoze.

"Igitigiri nyaco c'abakoze iryo tsembabwoko mu Rwanda, mu gihugu cahoze ari Yugoslavia no muri Cambodge ntikizwi, ariko ni bake gusa baciriwe imanza."

Abahinga bavuga ko iyo ikintu kimaze gusobanurwa mu buryo butegekanijwe n'amategeko ko ari itsembabwoko, ibihugu vyasinye iryo sezerano bitegerezwa gutera intambwe kugira ngo bibibuze canke bibihagarike — biciye mu nzira y'imigenderanire (diplomatie), ibihano, canke mbere n'ugufasha mu vya gisirikare.

Nk'akarorero, mu gihe c'itsembabwoko ryabaye mu Rwanda, inyandiko za Amerika zasohowe mu mpisho zarerekanye ko abategetsi baretse n'ibigirankana gukoresha ijambo "itsembabwoko" mu gihe ubwicanyi bwariko burabandanya, ku ruhande rumwe kukaba kwari ukugira ngo ntibakabure inshingano zijanye n'amategeko n'ivya politike ziri muri iryo sezerano.

Madamu Burns ati: «N'aho hariho insiguro y'ishirahamwe mpuzamakungu ONU, haracariho ukudasobanura, ukudakora ( kudakurikiza ibisabwa n'amaszerano) n'ukudakurikirana (abayarenze)".