Amabi y'ubukoloni bw'Ubwongereza aragaruka mu rugendo rw'Umwami Charles muri Kenya

Umwami Charles (Karori) w’Ubwongereza n’umugore wiwe Camilla bari mu rugendo rw’imisi ine muri Kenya, aho azokwemera “ibintu bibabaje” vyaranze kahise k’ubukoloni bw’Ubwongereza.

Abantu barenga 10.000 barishwe abandi bakorerwa iyica rubozo mu gikorwa co kurwanya imigumuko izwi nka Mau Mau mu myaka ya 1950, imwe mu migumuko yasesetsemwo amaraso menshi mu bihugu vyatwarwa n’Ubwongereza. Mu 2013, Ubwongereza bwatangaje ko bwababajwe n‘ivyabaye, buca buriha imiriyoni 20 z’amapawundi (ni ukuvuga imiriyaridi zirenga 68.8 mu mafaranga y’amarundi) ku bantu barenga 5000 – ariko bamwe babona ko ivyo ata kinini vyafashije.

Umwe muri bo ni Agnes Muthoni w’imyaka 90.

N’aho atambuka yunamye ariko adahenagurika, aradushikana ku mva iri ku muhana wiwe muri Shamata, hagati muri Kenya.

Ararandura ivyatsi vyameze hafi y’imva y’umugabo wiwe. Haciye imyaka ibiri Elijah Kinyua apfuye ku myaka 93. Yari azwi kandi nka Jenerali Bahati, nawe nyene, co kimwe n’umugore wiwe, yari umurwanyi mu migumuko, yo kwiyamiriza reta ya gikoloni y’Ubwongereza mu myaka ya 1950, imigumuko yasesetsemwo amaraso.

Muthoni yari afise ipete rya majoro mu gisirikare co kwibohora, Kenya Land and Freedom Army - cari kizwi cane kw’izina rya Mau Mau.

Amwenyura cane, Muthoni aratwereka impeta yiwe y’ubugeni. Bahuye imigumuko irangiye, umugabo avuye mw’ibohero.

Agira ati: "Yavuze ko niba hari abarwanyi b’abagore barokotse, yipfuza kurongora umwe muri bo kuko ni we yari gutahura ingorane ziwe kandi ntamwite Mau Mau".

Urugamba rwarabahuje. Ariko n’ubwo Kenya yaronse intahe yo kwikukira ikiganzura intwaro ya gikoloni y’Ubwongereza, uno muryango wabandanije ubaho mu gipfungu – nk’uko vyagenze ku barwanyi benshi ba Mau Mau.

Uno muhari w’abarwanyi wagumye ari umuhari utemewe n’amategeko. Reta ya gikoloni yawise umuhari w’iterabwoba kandi n’intwaro zakurikiye muri Kenya imaze kwikukira ntizigeze zikuraho iri tegeko.

Paul Muite, umunyamategeko akaba n’umunyaporitike muri Kenya, agira ati: "Abanywanyi batatu ba Mau Mau carazira ko babonana; cari icaha.

“Ibi vyari amahano”.

Itegeko ryagiye guhindurwa mu 2003, ico gihe abanywanyi ba Mau Mau baciye bemezwa nk’abarwaniye ubwigenge.

Ariko kandi ibi bisigura ko abavutse inyuma yo kwikukira bazi bike kuri aka kahise.

Umuhinga mu vya kahise, Caroline Elkins, yakoze ibiganiro kuri iki kibazo mu myaka ya 1990, avuga ati: "Abana n’abuzukuru benshi cane nta kintu na kimwe bari bazi ku mizi y’umubabaro wahaye igihugu intahe y’ukwikukira”.

Ivyo yabonye biragarukwako mu mabarabara ya Nairobi uno musi. Abenshi mu rwaruka bazi bike kw’ipfungwa n’iyica rubozo vyakorewe aba Mau Mau. Bo barajwe ishinga n’ubutunzi bw’igihugu, bakibaza nimba urugendo rw’Umwami Charles hari ico ruzomara.

Umwuzukuru wa Muthoni, Wachira Githui, w’imyaka 36, ni umwe muri bake bavyumvise imbonankubone. Ariko aranezererewe ibitari bike mu ngaruka z’ubukoloni mu buzima bw’imibereho, bwa poritike n’ubw’ubutunzi bwa Kenya.

"Ndavuga icongereza kandi ndavyishimiye”, niko avuga, akongerako y’uko ari umufana w’umurwi wa Chelsea.

Imbuga hwaniro za Kenya zirakora cane iyo hari urukino rukomeye rw’ihiganwa ry’umupira w’amaguru mu Bwongereza, Premier League. Abafana baramara amasaha atari make bariko batera urwenya.

Kuva ku mabarabara gushika mu mabiro (bureaux), umurage w’ubukoloni bw’Ubwongereza ntushobora kubura muri Nairobi.

Ikanzu yirabura igoroye neza hamwe n’imiringa yo mw’izosi bimanitse inyuma y’intebe ya Paul Muite mu biro vyiwe muri karitiye ya Kilimani. Yambara kandi n’igikofero c’ivyoya iyo agiye muri sentare. Nyinshi mu nzego zijejwe amategeko, intwaro n’indero, ntizarazwe muri Kenya honyene, ariko ziri henshi mu bihugu vyahoze bitwarwa n’ingoma y’Ubwongereza.

Ariko ubumenyi ku bintu vyinshi vyaranze “kahise kababaje”, ari na vyo umwami yiteze kwemera, ntivyakunze kwigishwa mu bihe bitandukanye vy’uruganwe vyakurikiye, kandi bibandanya kunyegezwa mu banyagihugu.

Muite asaba ko habaho umurwi ujejwe amatohoza woshingwa na reta za Kenya n’Ubwongereza, wozunguruka mu turere twose twa Kenya ukegeranya amakuru yose yo ku ntwaro y’ubukoloni. Yari mu murwi w’abanyamategeko washikanye urubanza rwa mbere mu masentare y’Ubwongereza mu 2009, rwagiye kurangira habaye umwumvikano inyuma y’imyaka ine.

Reta y’Ubwongereza yavuze ko yicuza, ica iriha indishi y’akababaro ku bakukuruke ba Mau Mau.

Ariko Muite avuga ko abarwanyi bari bakiri bazima, bashobora gupimwa n’abaganga bakemeza ko bakorewe iyica rubozo, ari bo bonyene bahawe indishi. Avuga ko ababafashije n’abatanga uburyo ku barwanyi bari ku rugamba ico gihe, co kimwe n’Abakenya bari hanze y’akarere ko hagati y’igihugu barwanije ubukoloni, ntibashizwemwo.

Muri bo hari abo mu muryango w’aba-Talai baherutse gusubira gusaba reta y’Ubwongereza ko yogarukana igikankara c’uruhanga rw’indongozi yabo, Koitalel arap Samoei. Yarongoye urugamba rw’aba-Nandi mu kurwanya ubukoloni, ahagarika imigambi yo kwigarurira akarere k’imisozi miremire y’intara ya Rift Valley mu kiringo c’imyaka irenga cumi. Vyagiye kurangira ahendahenzwe, ari naho yaciye yicwa mu 1905.

Muite avuga ko guha agateka "abo bishwe, abo bafashije abari ku rugamba harimwo abashira indya abarwanyi ba Mau Mau hamwe n’abo bafashwe ku nguvu, hanyuma bagahabwa n’indishi y’akababaro n’aho yoba ntoya”, vyofasha kurangiza iki kibazo.

Umuhinga mu vya kahise Caroline Elkins avuga ko ijambo ry’umwami ririndiriwe riza kuba “igihe kidasanzwe” ariko akongerako y’uko icari gikwiye ari “ugushimangira ko hoba amatohoza, yokorwa na reta, kugira ibitabo vya kahise bihindurwe, amazu ndangamurage mu Bwongereza agahindurwa, Kenya nayo igahabwa amahera kugira ngo igire inyubakwa ndangamurage zayo n’iz’ibikoresho ndangamuco vyayo”.

Avuga ko amabi yakozwe mu gihe c’intwaro y’ibihe bisasanzwe – yashizweho na reta y’igikoloni muri Gitugutu (10) 1952 kubera imigumuko ya Mau Mau – yakozwe kw’izina ry’umwamikazi. Umwamikazi Elizabeth II yashitse ku ngoma amezi umunani imbere yaho igihe yari mu rugendo mu karere ko hagati muri Kenya, ari na ho iyi migumuko yari yatanguriye.

Elkins ati: "Isanamu ya Nyen’Iteka Umwamikazi niyo yari imanitswe mu bigo vy’impfungwa, [kandi] mu gihe bariko baraborezwa igufa, bakoreshwa ibikorwa vy’agahato, bategerezwa kuririmba God Save the Queen [twogereranya na Mana Zigama Umwamikazi, ururirimbo ruhayagiza igihugu c’Ubwongereza]”.

Ibitero vya Mau Mau vyashobora kuba ivy’ubugome, kandi bikaba vyari bikunze kuba mw’ijoro. Amasanamu ya Michael Ruck yari afise imyaka itandatu – yatemaguwe gushika arapfa, ari kumwe n’abavyeyi biwe hamwe n’umukozi wo mu mirima – n’igikinisho ciwe cari cuzuye amaraso, yarasohowe mu binyamakuru vyo hanze, ariko nta mpuhwe abarwanyi bagize.

Reta y’igikoloni yakoresheje ingabo zirwanira mu kirere n’izirwanira ku butaka zarimwo Abakenya benshi – bari bazwi kw’izina ry’abajejwe umutekano w’igihugu (home guards) – guhiga buhongo aba Mau Mau.

Elkins aharura ko abantu bagera 320.000 bapfungiwe mu mabohero canke mu makambi y’impfungwa. Bivugwa ko impfungwa zakonwa, zigakubitwa gushika gupfa, mbere zikanaturirwa.

Abarenga 1000 barishwe bamanitswe mu bihe bidasanzwe. Igitigiri c’abantu bapfuye giharurwa mu bihumbi. Abahinga mu vya kahise bavuga ko ibikorwa vyo gutuza iyo migumuko ari yo ntambara yasheshe amaraso gusumba izindi Ubwongereza bwagizemwo uruhara mu kinjana giheze inyuma y’intambara ya kabiri y’isi yose.

"Nta mazu twari dufise yo kubamwo”, bivugwa n’inararibonye Muthoni ariko arasigura ingene bari babayeho mw’ishamba mu bihe bidasanzwe. "Hari imfyisi, inzara n’imvura".

Ubu aba mu nzu isakaje amabati asa n’ubururu n’imbaho z’ibiti bihanamiye udusozi tureture tw’umusozi wa Aberdare.

Ubu butaka bunini cane bumera buva mu karere ko hagati muri Kenya gushika muri Rift Valley mu burengero, bwahoze bwitwa "White Highlands". Hafi bwose bwegukira abakoloni b’abarimyi. Abanyagihugu baho nka Muthoni barungitswe ku mpera kugira ngo bugururire inzira abarimyi b’Abanyabulaya kugira bifatire ubutaka bwiza.

Inyuma yo kwikukira, hafi bwose bwahawe abajejwe umutekano w’igihugu, mu gihe Mau Mau yabandanije ifatwa nk’umuhari w’iterabwoba.

Ariko Muthoni ariteguye kwibagira akahise. Avuga ati: "Nta nzikira dufise mu mitima yacu kubera kahise kararenganye.

"Abantu bararekuriranira hanyuma bakabandanya babana, ariko nipfuza guhabwa ubutaka”.