Hezbollah ni iki?

Impungenge zikomeza kwiyongera ku ntambara iriko ibera mu burasirazuba bwo hagati inyuma y’aho abana 12 n’abandi b'abayabaga biciwe ku wa gatandatu, bahitanywe n'igisasu ca rokete yaguye ku kibuga c’umupira w'amaguru mu gace k'imisozi ya Golan yigaruriwe na Israel.

Abana bariko bakinira mu gisagara ca Majdal Shams, ahaba Abarabu muri Druze, kimwe mu bisagara bine vyo mu misozi ya Golan haba abantu bagera ku 25.000 b’abayoboke b’amadini n’ubwoko bwa Druze bavuga icarabu.

Israel yareze umuhari Hezbollah ko ari wo uri inyuma y'ico gitero kandi iniyemeza kwihora yivuye inyuma. Hezbollah yahakanye uruhara muri ico gitero, inihaniza Israel ko itohiraahira ngo iyitere.

Israel yigaruriye imisozi ya Golan yari mu minwe ya Syria mu ntambara yo mu 1967, iyigira nk'igice c'ubutaka bwayo mu 1981.

Ivyabaye mu gitero co ku wa 27/07/2023, ni vyo vyahitanye abantu benshi mu bamaze kurwa ku rubibe rw'amaja ruguru ya Israel no mu micungararo, kuva mu mezi icenda aheze Israel na Hezbollah bidasiba kurasana.

Hezbollah ni iki?

Hezbollah ni umuhari wa politike w’aba isilamu ushigikiwe na Iran. Ni umugwi witwara nk'igisirikare wo muri Liban, urongowe na Hassan Nasrallah kuva mu 1992. Izina ubwaryo risobanura 'Umugambwe w’Imana'.

Hezbollah wamenyekanye cane ubifashijwemwo n'amafaranga no gushigikirwa mu buryo bwa gisirikare vyatanzwe na Iran mu gihe Israel yigarurira Liban mu ntango z'imyaka ya 1980. Ico gihe yaje nk’ingabo zo gufata mu mugongo Abashiya bari basanzwe bafise intege nke mu bumanuko bwa Liban, n'ubwo imizi yayo y' ivyiyumviro ngenderwako ituruka mu kunagura aba isilamu b'Abashiya muri Liban mu myaka ya 1960 na 1970.

Israel imaze kuhava mu 2000, Hezbollah yaranse kugondozwa kwamburwa ibirwanisho, ahubwo ikomeza gushigikira no gutsimbataza ishami ryayo rya gisirikare, Islamic Resistance.

Uyu mugwi kandi wagiye uhinduka buhoro buhoro umuhuza w'abakiranira ubutegetsi muri politike ya Liban- biciye kugirirwa icizere no mw'ishami ryawo rya politike -Royalty Resistance Bloc Party - kugera n'aho uronka ububasha ntasubirwamwo bwo gutangira ingingo iyo ariyo yose udashatse mu nama nshikiranganji (veto).

Hezbollah yarezwe mu myaka yashize, kuba yarateze imitego itera n'ibisasu incuro nyinshi, cane cane itota inyungu za Israel na Amerika.

Hezbollah ifatwa nk'umuhari w'iterabwoba n'ibihugu vyo mu burengerazuba bw'isi (Bulaya na Amerika), Israel, ibihugu vyo mu kigobe c'Abarabu ndetse n'ibihugu vyo mw' ishirahamwe ry'Abarabu (Ligue Arabe).

Somambike akomeye wa Perezida wa Syria, Bashar al-Assad, Hezbollah yarungitse ibihumbi vy'abarwanyi kurwanira Assad mu gihe c'intambara yo muri Syria yatanguye mu 2011. Aho izo ndyane zikomereje, vyabaye ngombwa gufasha ingabo za Syria kugarura ubutaka inyeshamba zari zarigaruriye, cane cane ku rubibe rw' imisozi ya Liban.

Israel yakunze kugaba ibitero muri Syria bifitanye isano n’abarwanyi ba Hezbollah na Iran, ariko ni gake yavyemanga.

Ariko uruhara rwa Hezbollah muri Syria, rwatumye imigwi yo muri Liban icanamwo kuruta uko vyari.

Kuba yashigikiye perezida wa Syria, umu Shiya w'umu Alawite, ndetse ikaba ifitanye n’umubano ukomeye na Iran, na vyo vyatumye urwanko rwiyongera, ruturutse ku bihugu vyo mu kigobe c'Abarabu, birongowe na Arabie Saudite, mukeba w'imbere wa Iran muri ako karere.

Inyuma y’igitero giturumbuka kuri Israel, cagabwe n'umutwe w’abarwanyi ba Palesitine Hamas, co kuwa 07/10/2023, kigahitana abantu batari munsi 1200, Hezbollah na Israel ntibahengeshanya kurekuriranira ko umuriro ku mipaka.

Igihe Israel yagaba ibitero vyo kwihora kuri Gaza, igahitana abantu ibihumbi, uyu mutwe wavuze ko "witeguye rwose" gutanga agacumu k'ubumwe mu kurwanya Israel.

Igisirikare ca Hezbollah, umutekano, ibikorwa vya politiki ndetse n’umuganda wayo mu guteza imbere imibereho myiza, vyagaragaje ko uwo muhari umeze nka leta mu yindi, ataco ibindi bisata vya leta biwurusha kandi iranegurwa na bakeba bayo.

Mu buryo bumwe bumwe, ubushobozi bwayo ubu burenze ubw'ingabo z'igihugu za Liban, kandi inguvu zayo nyinshi za gisirikare zarakoreshejwe mu ntambara yo kurwanya Israel mu 2006.

Bamwe mu Banya-Libani babona ko Hezbollah ibangamiye umutekano w'igihugu, ariko ikaba ikundwa cane n'abo ku ruhande rw'Abashiya.

Umwansi wa Israel

Amamuko ya Hezbollah aragoye kumenya, ariko ibimenyetso vyayo vyatanguye kugaragara inyuma y'igitero ca Israel mu bumanuko bwa Libani, cakurikira ico abarwanyi b'abanya Palestina mu 1982, igihe abategetsi b'Abashiya bari bashigikiye uyo muhari bitandukanya n'umuhari Amal wari uyoboye ico gihe.

Uyu muhari mushasha, Islamic Amal, wahawe intererano mu buryo bwa gisirikare no mu kwitunganya, n'umuhari wo muri Iran wa Revolutionary Guards, wari ufise icicaro mu biyaya vya Bekaa, wahavuye umenyekana nk'umuhari wa mbere ukomeye uhurikiyemwo abarwanyi b'Abashiya, mu nyuma ugashinga Hezbollah.

Iyo migwi yagavye ibitero ku gisirikare ca Israel na ba somambike bayo, ingabo z' umuhari wo mu bumanuko bwa Liban (SLA), ndetse n’izo ibihugu vy’amahanga muri Liban.

Bivugwa ko ari bo bari inyuma y’ibitero vy'iterabwoba vyagabwe ku buserukizi (ambassade) bwa Amerika hamwe n’ikigo c'abasirikare b'aba Marine ba Amerika mu 1983, igitero cahitanye Abanyamerika 258 n’abasirikare 58 b’Abafaransa, kandi bituma ingabo zari mu butumwa bw’amahoro z’ibihugu vyo mu burengerazuba ziva muri Liban.

Mu 1985, Hezbollah yatangaje ku mugaragaro ishingwa ryayo, mu gushira ahagaragara "ibaruwa ipfunguye" igaragaza ko Amerika n'icahoze ari Leta Zunze Ubumwe z'Abasoviyete ari abansi bayo nyamukurux, n'abansi ku ba isilamu kandi isaba ko "Israel" yokurwaho, ivuga ko yigaruriye ubutaka bw'aba isilamu.

Yavuze kandi ko "isilamu yashizweho ku bushake kandi ku mahitamwo y'abantu, mu bwisanzure bwabo bwuzuye, ariko atari kuba babihatiwe".

Amasezerano ya Taif yo mu 1989 yashoje intambara hagati y'abavukagihugu muri Liban anasaba imigwi gushira ibirwanisho hasi, ivyatumye Hezbollah yongera guhindura ishami ryayo rya gisirikare, iritazira "Resistance Islam", rikaba ryari rigenewe kurwanya ibitero vya Israel, gutyo rigumana ibirwanisho.

Inyuma y’aho Syria igondoreje Liban kwemera amasezerano y'amahoro mu 1990, Hezbollah yakomeje intambara ya kanyeshamba mu bumanuko bwa Liban, ariko inatangura kugira uruhara muri politike ya Liban. Mu 1992, Hezbollah yanagiye mu matora y’igihugu ku ncuro ya mbere.

Igihe ingabo za Israel zaheba zikahava mu 2000, Hezbollah yishimiye uruhara yagize mu kubirukana. Uyu mugwi wahanganye n'agahato wariko urashirwako ko gushira hasi ibirwanisho, ingabo zawo zikomereza mu bumanuko bw'igihugu, ivyo zavuga ko vyari ku mpamvu zo kuvana Israel mu mirima ya Shebaa no mu tundi turere twarimwo amatati.

Mu 2006, abarwanyi ba Hezbollah bagavye igitero ku mipaka cahitanye abasirikare umunani ba Israel abandi babiri bafatwa ingwati, bituma Israel yiva inyuma mu kubasubiriza mu ndumane.

Indege z'intambara za Israel zamije ibisasu ibirindiro bya Hezbollah mu bumanuko, no mu micungararo ya Beirut, mu gihe Hezbollah yariko irasa Israel ibisasu vya rokete bigera ku 4000. Iyi ntambara yamaze iminsi 34 yahitanye Abanya-Libani barenga 1.125, abenshi muri bo bakaba bari abanyagihugu basanzwe, hamwe n'abasirikare 119 ba Israel n'abanyagihugu 45.

Hezbollah yarokotse intambara maze igaruka ishize amanga. N'ubwo kuva ico gihe yisununuye, ikagura ibirwanisho ndetse ikinjiza n'abarwanyi bashasha benshi, ntaho yigeze ihungabanya gose hafi y'umupaka, ubu ukaba ugenzurwa n’ingabo ziri mu gikorwa co gufasha kugarura amahoro, kumwe n'igisirikare ca Liban.

Ifise abayikurikira

Mu 2008, igihe leta ishigikiwe n'ibihugu vyo mu burengero bw'isi, yafata ingingo yo guhagarika ibikoresho n'amayira y'itumatumanako ya Hezbollah, no gukura uwujejwe umutekano ku kibuga c'indege ca Beirut, kubera imigenderanire yari afitanye n'uyu mugwi, Hezbollah yihoye mu kwifatira igice kinini c'uwo mugwa mukuru, no kurwanya imigwi y'aba Sunni.

Kugira ngo amatati ashingiye ku migwi y'amadini yahitanye abantu 81akanasubiza Liban mu ntambara hagati y'abavukagihugu ahagarare, leta yaciye bugufi, igabana ubutegetsi na Hezbollah, mu masezerano yahaye uyu muhari ububasha bwo kwanka ingingo iyo ariyo yose udashaka, biciye mu nama nshikiranganji.

Mu matora yo mu 2009, Hezbpollah yatsindiye intebe 10 mu nama nshingamateka kandi ikomeza kuba muri leta y’ubumwe.

Inyuma y'uwo mwaka, umunyamabanga mukuru wa Hezbollah, Sheikh Hassan Nasrallah, yatanze icegeranyo c'imigambi ya politike cashaka kwerekana icerekezo ca politike y'uyu mugwi.

Yahevye gushira imbere Republika ya isilamu nk'uko vyagaragaye mu rwandiko ( manifeste) rw'ivyiyumviro ngenderwako vy'uyu muhari rwo mu 1985, ariko ikomeza umurongo ukaze wo kurwanya Israel na Amerika kandi avuga ko Hezbollah ibwirizwa gukomeza kugumana ibirwanisho .

Mu mwaka wa 2011, uyu mugwi n'abo bafatanije basenyuye ubutegetsi bwa leta y’ubumwe iyobowe na Saad Hariri, umu Sunni yari ashigikiwe na Arabia Saudite, Hezbollah ivuga ko itazokomeza kubirabisha amaso kandi bane mu banywanyi bayo bagirizwa kugira uruhara mw'iyicwa mu 2005 rya Rafik Hariri, se wa Saad.

Mu kwezi kwa 12 mu 2020, umunywanyi wa Hezbollah, Salim Ayyash, yakatiwe umunyororo w'ubuzima bwose atahari, na sentare mpuzamakungu yashiriweho Liban, kubera uruhara muri ubwo bwicanyi.

Hezbollah na ba somambike bayo, bakomeje kuba bamwe muri leta yakurikiye, aho bafise uruhara rukomeye.