Tahura indyane zataye Myanmar mu ntambara

Myanmar (yahoze yitwa Birmanie mu gifaransa, canke Burma mu congereza) iri mu ntambara z'urutavanako hagati y'igisirikare n'imirwi y'abasivire yishize hamwe irondera ibirwanisho, nk'uko amakuru mashasha avyemeza. Abenshi muri aba bahanganye n'igisirikare ni urwaruka rwemeye gutanga ubuzima bwarwo kuva igisirikare cigaruriye ubutegetsi, haraciye umwaka.

Ukwiyongera n'urugero izi ndyane zagenda zifata - hamwe n'ingene ibitero vyakorwa n'abatavuga rumwe n'ubutegetsi bw'aba basirikare vyategurwa mu buhinga bwo hejuru - vyatumye ziva ku rugero rw'imyiyerekano zivamwo intambara yeruye.

Izi ndyane ubu zarakwiye igihugu cose, nk'uko vyerekanwa n'ishirahamwe rikurikiranira hagufi ibijanye n'intambara ACLED (Armed Conflict Location and Event Data Project).

Amakuru ava ku rubuga avuga ko hagenda haba ibitero biteguye neza gusumba, kandi ko intambara yatandukiriye no mu bisagara imbere y'aha bitahora birwanya igisirikare.

N'aho ibitigiri vy'abamaze kuhasiga ubuzima bigoye guhinyuza, ishirahamwe ACLED - rikura amakuru mu binyamakuru vyo muri ico gihugu hamwe n'ibindi vyegeranyo - ryaregeranije ibiharuro bivuga ko abantu bababa 12.000 bamaze kwicwa muri izo ndyane za poritike zadutse kuva igisirikare gifashe ubutegetsi ku wa 01 z'ukwa kabiri 2021.

Imishamirano yagiye itikiza abantu benshi buri kwezi kuva mu kwa munani.

Imisi yakurikiye itembagazwa ry'ubutegetsi, abasivire hafi bose bapfuye mu gihe inzego zijejwe umutekano zariko zigerageza gutuza imyiyerekano yadutse mu gihugu cose.

Hagati aho, ubu ibitigiri vy'abapfa bigenda vyiyongera biturutse ku ntambara - aho abasivire bafashe ibirwanisho kugira bahangane n'igisirikare - nk'uko amakuru atangwa na ACLED abivuga.

Mu kiganiro na BBC, umukuru w'ishami rya ONU rijejwe agateka ka zina muntu, Michelle Bachelet, aremeza ko imishamirano ya Myanmar ubu ikwiye kwitwa intambara yo hagati mu gihugu (guerre civile/civil war), anatera akamo Inama nkuru ya ONU ijejwe umutekano kw'isi gufata "ingingo zikomeye" mu gutera igitsure igisirikare kugira ngo kigarukane ubutegetsi bushingiye kuri demokarasi.

Avuga ko amakungu "yakweze ibirenge" mu kuronderera umuti iki kibazo, akavuga ko ibintu vyifashe "nabi cane", yongera agabisha ko izi ndyane ari akaga ku mutekano w'akarere.

Imirwi irwanya ingabo za reta ihurikiye mu citwa People's Defence Force (PDF) - ihuriro ry'imirwi y'abasivire yitwara gisirikare ahanini igizwe n'urwaruka.

Hera (izina atari rwiwe) w'imyaka 18, yari ahejeje amashure yisumbuye igihe yinjira mu myiyerekano yo kwiyamiriza reta ya gisirikare inyuma y'itembagazwa ry'ubutegetsi. Vyabaye ngombwa ko uyu mwigeme abanza guhagarika umugambi wiwe wo kwiga kaminuza, maze aca aja kuba intwazangabo hagati muri Myanmar.

Avuga ko icatumye yinjira muri PDF ari igandagurwa ryo ku rwego rwo hejuru ry'umunyeshure Mya Thwe Thwe Khaing yarasiwe mu myiyerekano yo mu kwa kabiri 2021.

Mu ntango, abavyeyi ba Hera baragize impungenge babonye umukobwa wabo atanguye ivyigwa vy'intambara mu muhari PDF, ariko bavamwo baraheberana babonye ko koko yari yahagurutse.

Hera ati: "Bambwiye bati: 'Nimba koko ushaka kubikora, bikore gushika kw'iherezo. Ntuze ute urugamba mu nzira'. Rero naciye mvugana n'umwigisha wanje nca ninjira mu rugamba haciye imisi itanu mpejeje ivyigwa".

Imbere y'itembagazwa ry'ubutegetsi, abanyagihugu nka Hera bari bishimiye urugero intwaro rusangi yari igezeko.

Barababajwe cane n'itembagazwa ry'ubutegetsi ryakozwe n'igisirikare, bakaba bafashwe mu mugongo kandi bigishwa n'iyindi mirwi y'abarwanyi yegamiye amoko iri mu turere two ku mbibe imaze imyaka mirongo irwanya igisirikare.

Intambara ya Myanmar - ingene amakuru yegeranijwe

BBC yakoresheje amakuru atangwa na ACLED, ishirahamwe ridaharanira inyungu z'amafaranga, ryegeranya amakuru ku ndyane za poritike n'imyiyerekano kw'isi yose.

Rikura amakuru mu binyamakuru, ivyegeranyo bisohowe n'amashirahamwe adaharanira ivyicaro vya poritike hamwe n'amashirahamwe aharanira agateka ka zina muntu, hamwe rero n'amakuru ku bijanye n'umutekano asohorwa n'amashirahamwe yo mu gihugu n'ayandi mpuzamakungu.

N'aho ACLED idahinyuza ubwayo amakuru ava mu binyamakuru, ivuga ko yama ironka amakuru agezweho ku bapfa igihe cose haboneste amakuru ku bibaye no ku bapfuye.

Ibi ni ukubera bigoye kwegeranya amakuru y'ibiba mu turere turangwamwo indyane aho usanga amakuru yegamiye uruhande kanaka canke adakwiye, hamwe na poritike ya ACLED yo kugerageza gufata ibiharuro vyo hasi cane ku biba vyatangajwe.

Hagati aho, ntibishoboka kuronka isanamu yo nyayo y'ingene ibintu bimeze kubera impande zompi ziri mu rugamba rw'intambara y'amajambo. Ibimenyeshamakuru kandi ntivyoroherezwa na gato.

Igisata ca BBC gikoresha ururimi rwa Burma caregeranije kandi amakuru y'abapfiriye mu ntambara hagati y'igisirikare ca Myanmar na PDF kuva mu kwa gatatu gushika mu kwa gatandatu 2021. Aya yari ahuye n'ayegeranijwe na ACLED.

PDF igizwe n'abantu bava mu mice yose y'ubuzima bw'igihugu - abarimyi, abakozi bo mu nzu, abaganga n'abahinga. Bose bahuriye ku ntumbero imwe yo gusenyura ubutegetsi bwa gisirikare.

Imirwi y'abarwanyi iri mu gihugu cose, ariko birumvikana ko urwaruka rwo mu bwoko nyarwinshi bw'aba Bamar bari mu biyaya vyo hagati mu gihugu no mu bisagara ari bo bafashe iya mbere - maze bashira hamwe inguvu n'urundi rwaruka ruva mu yandi moko.

Nibwo bwa mbere muri kahise ka vuba ka Myanmar kubona igisirikare cisanze gihanganye bikomeye n'urwaruka rw'aba Bamar.

Umupfasoni Bachelet yabwiye BBC ati: "Abasivire benshi baragiye muri iyi mirwi canke bashinga iki kintu citwa People's Defence Force. Rero nico gituma kuva kera nama ngira nti nimba ata kintu gikomeye dushoboye gukora kuri iki kibazo, kizohava kiba nk'ica Syria".

Nagar yahoze ari umudandaza ubu akaba arongoye imirwi myinshi ya PDF mu karere ka Sagaing hagati muri Myanmar, yabwiye BBC ko ari intambara ihuza impande zitanganya ubushobozi.

PDF yatanguje itopito zonyene, n'aho kuva ico gihe bashoboye kwikorera inkoho za mugobore n'amabombe. Igisirikare c'igihugu gisanzwe gifise ibirwanisho bikomakomeye gifise indege z'intambara - zikunze gukoreshwa kuva mu mezi aheze. Gishobora no guhabwa ibirwanisho n'ibihugu bishigikiye ubutegetsi bwaco - harimwo Uburusiya n'Ubushinwa.

Amatohoza yakozwe n'ikigo Myanmar Witness gikurikiranira hagufi ibijanye n'agateka ka zina muntu - amatohoza BBC yahawe - aremeza ko mu ndwi nkeya ziheze hari imodoka z'intambara z'Uburusiya zashitse i Yangon.

Ariko inguvu za PDF ni uko abanyagihugu bo hasi ari bo bayifashe mu mugongo. Icatanguye nko kwirwanira kw'abanyagihugu cavuyemwo intambara iteguye neza, ikorwa n'abantu badatinya urukamvye kandi bakomereye urugamba.

Reta y'Ubumwe (NUG) ikorera mu buhungiro irafasha mu gushinga no kurongora imirwi imwe imwe ya PDF - kandi ikabandanya ivugana n'iyindi mu kinyegero.

PDF itera cane cane ibirindiro vy'ingabo za reta bidakomeye cane, nk'ibigo vy'igipolisi hamwe n'ibirindiro bidacunze bikwiye. Yagiye ifata ibirwanisho, inatera n'amabombe n'ibigo vyegamiye aka karwi k'abasirikare batembagaje ubutegetsi, nk'amabanki n'iminara y'amaterefone.

Nagar avuga ko PDF ata kundi bogira atari ugufata mu minwe kazoza k'igihugu cabo bo nyene. "Nibaza ko ivy'ibiganiro vyo gutorera umuti ingorane z'iki gihugu ubu bitagishoboka.

Amakungu ntanezwe igihugu cacu. Rero nzofata ikirwanisho".

Hera yinjiranye na bashikiwe bakuru avuga ko intumbero yabo ari "ukurandurana n'imizi intwaro y'agahotoro y'igisirikare".

"Igisirikare cica inzirakarengane. Kirasambuye ivyari kubeshaho abanyagihugu, amatungo yabo n'utwo bari bafise. Hanyuma kandi kitera ubwoba abanyagihugu. Sinshobora na gato kwihanganira ibi bintu".

Hari igihe igisirikare kigenda kigandagura abasivire urudavagi, harimwo abagabo n'imiburiburi 40 bagandaguwe mu kw'indwi - hamwe n'abandi bagabo, abagore n'abana barenga 35 bagandaguwe mu kw'icumi na kabiri.

BBC yavuganye n'umugabo yarokotse mu kindi gitero cakozwe n'igisirikare mu kw'icumi na kabiri nyene, yigize uwapfuye. Abagabo batandatu batashoboye kwiruka igihe abasirikare binjira ku mutumba wabo uri mu karere ka Nagatwin hagati muri Myanmar baragandaguwe.

Batatu muri bo bari abatama abandi babiri bari bafise ibibazo vyo mu mutwe, nk'uko ababa kuri uwo mutumba babivuga. Uyu mugabo yarokotse avuga ko abasirikare bariko barondera abarwanyi.

Umusigwa w'umwe muri aba bagabo bagandaguwe avuga ko ikiziga c'umugabo wiwe cerekana ibimenyetso vy'uko yabanje gukorerwa iyicarubozo.

Uyu mupfakazi yabwiye BBC ati: "Bagandaguye umutama atari ashoboye no kuvuga neza kugira ngo yisigure. Sinzokwigera ndavyibagira. Nuzura amarira iyo ndamutse ndavyibuka".

Ni gake igisirikare kivugana n'abanyamakuru, ariko mu kiganiro yagiranye na BBC mu mpera za 2021, umuvugizi w'igisirikare, Zaw Min Tun, yavuze ko PDF ari umurwi w'iterabwoba - mu gusigura intambara yo kurwanya uwu muhari.

Ati: "Baramutse baduteye, twarabwiye ingabo zacu kwivuna. Turiko turagerageza kugarukana umutekano mu gihugu no mu turere dukoresheje uburyo bukenewe kugira ngo dushobore gushika ku rugero rwiza rw'umutekano".

Ntivyoroshe kumenya igitigiri c'abarwanyi kuri buri ruhande. Igisirikare ca Myanmar kizwi ko gifise ingabo 370.000 - ariko mu vy'ukuri igitigiri gishobora kuba ari gito cane kuri iki gitangwa.

Mu myaka mike iheze, hinjijwe abantu bake - kandi kuva igisirikare gitembagaje ubutegetsi hari benshi bagiye bagitoroka. Uko niko kandi bigoye kuronka igitigiri nyezina c'abarwanyi ba PDF.

Hampande y'imirwi yashinzwe na NUG (ya reta yo mu buhungiro), hari abarwanyi ba PDF bigishwa, bagahabwa indaro hamwe n'ibirwanisho n'imirwi yegamiye ku moko ikorera ku mbibe.

Imwe muri iyi mirwi yarigeze gutera igikumu ku masezerano yo guhagarika intambara na reta zo muri kahise - ariko aya masezerano muri kino gihe yarabaye impfagusa.

PDF ubu yasavye imbabazi icese iyi mirwi yegamiye amoko ku vyahora bivugwa n'igisirikare cavuga ko iyi mirwi yari ifise intumbero yo gusambura igihugu. PDF ubu iriko isaba ishingwa rya repubulika yunze ubumwe (Etat fédéral/federal state) aho abanyagihugu bose bazoba bafise uburenganzira bumwe.

Umubikira yapfukamye imbere y'abapolisi mu kwa gatatu 2021 kugira akingire abari mu myiyerekano yakurikiye itembagazwa ry'ubutegetsi, yabwiye BBC ko indyane za poritike zadutse kuva igisirikare gifashe ubutegetsi zabaye nka nyamugigima ku buzima bw'abanyagihugu.

Umubikira Ann Rose Nu Tawng ati: "Abana ntibashobora kuja kw'ishure. Igisata c'indero, igisata c'amagara y'abantu, imibereho, ubutunzi n'ibibeshaho abanyagihugu - vyose vyarasubiye inyuma".

"Bamwe bakoroye imbanyi kuko batari gutunga abana babo kubera ubutunzi bugeze ahatemba. Abavyeyi ntibagishoboye kurera abana babo neza kubera ingorane z'imibereho".

Ariko uyu mubikira arashima cane urwaruka rwahambije abandi ku rugamba.

"Ni intwari. Ntibatinya gutanga ubuzima bwabo mu kurwanira demokarasi, ku neza y'igihugu, mu kurwanira amahoro no mu kurondera kubohoza igihugu kiri mu vyara vy'intwaro ya gisirikare. Ndabashimira cane, ndabishimiye kandi ndabubaha".

Ibindi vyanditswe na Rebecca Henschke hamwe na Becky Dale. Vyacapwe na Jana Tauschinski.