Menya ingingo ya Big Bang abahanga bamwe bemeza ko ariyo ntango y'isanzure

Mu nkuru zimwe zahise twagiye twandika ku kwihinduranya (Evolution) k'ubuzima, ikirere n'ibikigize, isanzure n'ubuzima mu isanzure…Ariko se intangiriro y'ibyo byose ni iyihe?

Iki ni ikibazo gishaje kurusha ibindi mu mateka ya muntu, kuva ku bahanga mu gutekereza, abasizi, abanyamibare, abize, n'abatarize…bose baracyibabaza.

Ku bemera ibyanditswe mu bitabo by'amadini bo igisubizo kiriho akadomo.

Gusa bamwe mu bahanga muri siyansi batanga ibimenyetso kandi bakemeza ko ibintu byose biriho - ibyo tubona n'ibyo tutabona - byatangiye mu myaka miliyari 14 ubwo habayeho guturika guhambaye bise Big Bang kwavuyemo isanzure.

Ibyo babimenye bate?

Bakoresheje ubuhanga mu kwitegereza isanzure bwagiye butera imbere, bavuga ko ibintu byose bigize isanzure mbere na mbere byari akantu gato k'akadomo kaje guturitswa n'ubushyuhe kagenda kaguka, kavamo urumuri, inyenyeri, imibumbe, amezi (ukwezi), injeje (galaxies), kandi n'ubu gakomeje kwaguka.

Ibimenyetso bya Big Bang birimo ko:

Ibi bintu byombi nibyo biba mu bigize uguturika gusanzwe kose - ikintu kihuta kurusha ibindi birangira ari cyo cyigiye kure y'aho guturika kwabereye.

Abahanga muri science babonye imvumba zizwi nka 'cosmic microwave background radiation' (CMBR). Izo zituruka mu bice byose by'isanzure bigakekwa ko ari ubushyuhe bwasigaye kuri kwa guturika kw'ibanze.

Iyo turebye mu kirere nijoro, inyenyeri tubona ni iziri mu rujeje rwacu. Ariko hari n'imyanya iba idatanga urumuri ushobora kubona neza n'amaso, iyo myanya ni izindi njeje (galaxies) nk'uru rwacu - ariko ziri kure, kure cyane y'inyenyeri tuba tubona.

Izo njeje hafi ya zose zirimo kugenda zijya kure yacu - zimwe ku muvuduko wa kilometero ibihumbi ku isegonda.

Niba nyinshi mu njeje zirimo kujya kure y'urwacu, bisobanuye ko isanzure riri kwaguka. Niba isanzure riri kwaguka bivuze ko mu gihe cyahise ryari ritoya cyane. Usubiye inyuma cyane rero, niho abahanga bavuga ko byose byahereye ku kadomo gato.

Abahanga banabishyira mu mibare bahereye ku muvuduko w'injeje bari kubona: bagasanga hashize imyaka hafi miliyari 14 Big Bang ibaye.

Izindi nkuru wasoma:

Mu by'ukuri ntidushobora kubona injeje zigenda, ahubwo ikimenyetso ni urumuri ruzivaho, ruba umutuku kurushaho uko zigenda zijya kure.

Ikimenyetso cy'uko urujeje ruri kwihuta rujya kure abahanga bakigereranya n'uko bigenda iyo imodoka itwara indembe ikunyuzeho ivuza iya bahanda. Iyo bigenze bityo urusaku rwayo rugenda rugabanuka uko ijya kure irembera kuko imvumba (waves) zarwo zikweduka.

Urumuri narwo rugizwe n'imvumba (waves), niko rero bigenda no ku kintu cyihuta cyane kijya kure yacu nk'injeje (galaxies). Iyo urujeje ruri kwihuta rujya kure yacu, imvumba z'urumuri rwarwo zirakweduka. Ibyo bituma urumuri rurushaho kuba umutuku. Uko urujeje rwihuta niko urumuri ruba umutuku.

Ibyo ntidushobora kubirebesha amaso yacu, ariko zimwe mu ndebakure (telescopes) zirabibona.

Ariko amaso yacu ashobora kubona ibishashi bimwe by'urumuri mu isanzure.

Byagenze bite nyuma ya Big Bang?

Kimwe n'urumuri rusanzwe tubona, hari andi moko y'urumuri nka; X-rays, infrared, ultraviolet, radio waves na microwaves. Ayo moko afite imvumba ndende cyangwa ngufi kurusha urumuri rusanzwe tubona.

Nyuma ya Big Bang, abahanga bavuga ko isanzure ryari ryuzuyemo urumuri rwinshi. Uko isanzure ryagiye ryaguka, urwo rumuri rwagiye rukweduka rugera aho ruvamo za microwaves.

Indebakure ireba za microwaves (microwave telescope) ishobora kureba urumuri rwa cyera cyane kuva ku ntangiriro y'isanzure.

Mu by'ukuri, ishusho yo muri microwave telescope yerekana ikirere cyuzuye urumuri ruganje rutavaho, kumanywa cyangwa nijoro. Urwo rumuri nirwo bita 'Cosmic Microwave Background' twavuzeho haruguru.

Urumuri rw'inyenyeri n'urwa microwaves bitaniye he?

Bitandukanye n'urumuri ruva ku nyenyeri turebesha amaso, urumuri rwa Cosmic Microwave Background ruboneshwa telescope rugaragara aho wareba hose, n'aho waba uri hose mu isanzure.

Umuvuduko w'urumuri rw'injeje ziri kure yacu niwo watumye abahanga bagera aho babara intera hagati yacu n'ahantu runaka mu isanzure bakoresheje igipimo bise 'light years'. 'Light year' imwe ireshya na kilometero tiriyari icyenda.

Kureba mu isanzure ni nko kureba inyuma mu myaka ya cyera cyane kubera ko urumuri rw'ibintu byo mu isanzure biri kure yacu rutugeraho bitinze kurusha urumuri rw'ibiri hafi.

Bityo kureba ikintu (nk'urujeje) kiri mu ntera ya 'light years' miliyoni runaka tukibona nk'ikiri mu myaka ibarirwa muri za miliyoni ishize.

Telescopes zigezweho zibasha kureba ibintu biri muri light years miliyari nyinshi kure yacu, hafi ya Bing Bang. Niba Big Bang yarabayeho, twakwitega rero ko uko kureba kure kuzabona ibicu bya gaze (gas clouds) bitaravamo inyenyeri, n'injeje (galaxies).

Kubona neza ko tudafite umwanya wihariye mu isanzure, ni ikimenyetso cy'uko isanzure rigenda ryaguka, bikumvikanisha ko ikintu cyose mu isanzure kigenda kijya kure y'ikindi cyose.

Big Bang ishobora kuba atariyo tangiriro

Abandi bahanga muri science bo bashidikanya ko Big Bang ariyo ntangiriro ya byose.

Ubu, umushakashatsi ukiri muto we ajya kure akemeza ko ahubwo bishoboka ko nta tangiriro ryabayeho.

Yitwa Bruno Bento, inzobere mu mibare yo mu ishami ry'imibare rya kaminuza ya Liverpool mu Bwongereza.

Akuriye abahanga banditse inyandiko bise "If time had no beginning", ikiri gukorerwa isuzuma.

Uyu muhanga na bagenzi be bize ingingo z'imibare n'ubugenge nka 'Theory of relativity' by'abahanga nka Einstein bishingirwaho ubushakashatsi bwose mu isanzure n'imiterere yaryo.

Ingingo y'imiterere n'imikoranire y'ibiri mu isanzure niyo iherwaho itangiriro ikadusubiza mu myaka miliyari 14 ishize ivuga ko Bing Bang yahereye ku kantu gatoya cyane.

Ariko iyi ingingo y'umunyamibare Albert Einstein ntabwo ibasha gusobanura icyabaye neza neza igihe cya Big Bang, cyangwa icyabanje mbere yayo.

Ibyo nibyo abahanga bita "singularité", ni ukuvaga ahantu ingingo ishingiyeho imiterere n'imikoranire y'isanzure igera ntibashe gusobanura neza icyabanje.

Icyo cyuho nicyo aba bahanga bari kumwe na Bruno Bento bari guheraho biga uko bemeza indi ngingo iteye itya;

Nta tangiriro?

Bento avuga ko abona dukwiye kureka kwibwira ko hari "uruhererekane mu gihe" aho ikintu kimwe cyagihe giha kubaho ibindi.

Mu nyandiko ye, Bento ahera ku ihuriro ry'ibintu bitera ibindi kubaho, ihamya ko igihe n'isanzure bigizwe n'urunyurane rwubatse ibiriho guhera kuri 'atomes'.

Bento yabwiye BBC Mundo ati: "Ku bw'ingingo y'ihuriro ry'ibintu bitera ibindi kubaho, icyo twibwira nk'igihe cyatambutse kijyana no kuvuka kw'ibintu bishya bigize ihuriro ry'ibitera ibindi.

"Ikintu twita 'ubu/aka kanya' ni ukuvuka kw'ikintu gishya".

Bento ashingira kuri iyi ngingo avuga ko ihuriro ry'ibintu bitera ibindi ryabayeho nta tangiriro rifite, ku buryo na Bing Bang mu by'ukuri atariyo itangiriro.

Agira ati: "Niba akazi kacu kerekana ko ihuriro ry'ibintu byateye ibindi kubaho aricyo gisubizo, ubwo si ngombwa ko habayeho itangiriro."

Atanga ingingo ahubwo yo kuba twatekereza ko ibintu bivuka mu buryo bwihariye kurusha kubaho bivuye ku bindi gusa.

Yemeza ko hakenewe ubundi bwoko bw'imibare bwo gusobanura kurushaho iyi ngingo n'ingaruka zayo ku igihe n'isanzure.

Niayesh Afshordi, umuhanga muri astrophysics wo muri Institut Perimeter pour la physique théorique muri Canada avuga ko ingingo Bento atanga "zitanga intambwe za mbere zo kugera ku kumva neza mu mibare ibya Big Bang n'igishobora kuba cyarabaye mbere yayo."

Bruno Bento atekereza ko ubushakashatsi bo mu gihe kizaza buzarushaho gusuzuma neza ingingo nshya nk'izi we na bagenzi be batanga ku gihe n'isanzure.