Characteristics and properties
When selecting a fabric, it is important to choose one that is fit for purpose and will suit the needs of the end user. There are several things to consider:
- Texture - Does it feel rough, smooth or soft?
- Density - What is the weight in grams per cm2? This affects physical properties such as stiffness and strength.
- Fineness - How many fibres are there in a cross section of yarn?
- Allergenic - Will it irritate the wearer’s skin in any way?
The designer must also consider the working propertiesHow materials behave in different environments when subjected to changing conditions, eg force or temperature changes. of different fabrics, which will define the way in which a fabric will respond to external sources. This includes:
- tensile strengthTensile strength is the ability of a material to resist pulling forces without snapping, eg a guitar string has high tensile strength. - the ability to resist stretching or breaking under tension
- absorbencyAn ability to hold a liquid such as water. - the ability to absorb and hold liquid
- breathability - the ability to allow air to pass through easily so that clothing does not become too warm
- electrical conductivity - the ability to conduct electricity
- heat conductivity - the ability to conduct heat
Designers must understand how each material type will be used and what sort of situation the wearer might find themselves in. T-shirts, for example, are predominantly made from cotton because the texture, weight and fineness are well suited to its function. However, if a sports T-shirt was 100% cotton, it would crease very easily and might feel stiff due to the lack of elasticity in cotton.
Some fabrics that are used for sporting garments contain an elastomeric fibreA polymer with the physical properties of elastic. When combined with natural fibres, the end product is a material that can stretch and withstand creases., which allows the fabric to stretch. As the working properties of a fabric can be changed by weaving different fibers together, designers must keep up-to-date with new creations so that their products are in line with not only the latest trends but also the latest technical specifications.
