Simple guide to understand di crisis for South Sudan

Fears dey say South Sudan – di world youngest nation – fit enta serious civil war, dis na as di fighting continue for Jonglei state, north-east of di capital, Juba.

Govment forces dey try collect back dia land from pipo wey dey support First Vice-President Riek Machar, dem don suspend am from office, afta dem accuse am say e dey plan to overthrow President Salva Kiir.

Machar dey on trial for Juba, on charges of murder, treason and crimes against humanity, e deny dis allegations.

Di party, Sudan People's Liberation Movement/Army In Opposition (SPLM/A-IO), don denounce di charges as "political witch-hunt", and move to "dismantle" di 2018 peace agreement wey end di five-year civil war.

Wetin dey hapun for Jonglei?

Di SPLM/A-IO and dia allied groups don dey tok say dem don dey capture territory, including military bases for Jonglei and oda states since di end of last year.

South Sudan army don respond wit counter offensive wey dem launch last month.

In a controversial statement, deputy army chief Gen Johnson Oluny, tell im troops make dem "spare no-one" including "children, di elderly, and civilians" wen dem send dem to Jonglei.

Govment don clarify say dat no be di order, na commitment to protecting civilians.

Di recent fight for Jonglei don force at least 280,000 pipo make dem run leave dia homes.

Facilities wey aid agencies dey run, including clinic, dem don loot and beat workers wey dey dia, according to di charity Oxfam.

Wetin dey behind di fighting?

South Sudan, one of di world poorest kontris, gain independence from Sudan for 2011 afta many years of fighting wey Sudan People's Liberation Movement (SPLM) lead.

Just two years afta dem gain independence, civil war start wen Kiir sack Machar as vice-president, accuse am say e dey plot coup.

Conflicts follow, pipo bin fight along ethnic lines, between supporters of di two leaders, e result in estimate of about 400,000 pipo wey die and 2.5 million pipo wey forcefully leave dia house - more dan one-fifth of di kontri population.

As part of di peace deal, dem reinstate Machar as vice-president within a unity govment wey suppose clear road for elections.

Even though wetin dey cause di fight for Jonglei now na national politics rivalries, di state na hotspot for inter-communal violence, particularly between sub-clans of di Dinka and Nuer.

Cycles of violence dey linked to cattle raiding, land access, political representation and revenge attacks still continue to shape and complicate di current conflicts.

Di SPLM/A-IO get di core support from Nuer communities, while di govment and di pipo dia allied forces dey dominated by Dinka leadership. As a result, national politics confrontation often dey reignite local grievance wey dey increase community violence.

Why di tension now?

Di current crisis start since March last year, wen White Army militia, wey be allies to Machar during di civil war, clash wit army for Upper Nile state and overrun military base for Nasir.

Den on 7 March, UN helicopter wey dey try to evacuate troops come under fire, some pipo die, including high-ranking army general.

Nearly three weeks later, dem put Machar and some of im associates under house arrest. Dem accuse dem say dem wan start rebellion in govment.

"Di prospect and peace and stability for South Sudan don dey for serious danger now," Oyet Nathaniel Pierino, deputy leader of SPLM/A-IO, tok at di time.

Rather dan reducing di tension, di govment come strike again, accuse Machar of many charges – including treason, di ultimate crime against di state – for September.

Some days later, im party raise di tension, denounce Kiir govment as "dictatorship" and demand say make dem "change di regime"

Wetin happun to di 2018 peace deal?

While Machar inclusion in di unity govment na key part of di agreement, dem neva implement oda parts.

Di key issue for many South Sudanese na security arrangement.

Di deal outline how dem go bring togeda former rebel forces and govment soldiers into one army wey go make up 83,000 troops. Dem suppose disarm and demobilise di remaining ones.

But dis neva hapun and lots of militias wey dey aligned to different political groups still dey.

Di deal also outline di establishment, wit di help of di African Union, wey go prosecute di perpetrators of di violence. But dem neva create dis, becos di pipo wey dey hold top position for govment dey reluctant to set up sometin wey fit put dem for trial.

Elections wey suppose hapun for 2022 still neva take place and dem neva write new constitution.

Dem dey try make di peace process work again through Kenyan mediators.

Under wetin dem dey call Tumaini Initiative - tumaini mean "hope" for Swahili - di plan na for di meeting make e hold for Kenya so dem go plan how dem go do credible election.

Wetin be di problem between Machar and Kiir?

While Kiir and Machar, both dey in dia 70s, part of di SPLM dey fight for independence, long-standing tensions still dey exist.

Ethnic divisions dey ginger am - Kiir na Dinka, while Machar na Nuer - and dem dey compete for political power.

Wen Kiir sack Machar for 2013, e trigger civil war, Machar call am "dictator".

Creating further problems between di two as dem continue to postpone elections.

Dem don delay election four times, Machar dey unable to fulfil im presidential dream while tori be say Kiir intend to be president for life.

Who be Riek Machar?

Born in 1953, di 72 years old na di 27th son of chief for Ayod and Leer, e grow up for Presbyterian Church.

As undergraduate, e study mechanical engineering for University of Khartoum and for 1984, e earn PhD for philosophy and strategic planning for UK Bradford University.

E switch side many times during di battle to separate from Sudan, becos e wan strengthen im position and dat of im ethnic group Nuer.

E become vice-president of South Sudan wen dem gain independent for 2011. Machar lose im position for 2013, but reinstate am for 2016 but e run afta di fight start again.

Who be Salva Kiir?

Born for 1951, dis 74-year-old na devoted Roman Catholic, na di son of one cattle herder and di eighth of nine children.

At 17, e join Anyanya, one of di rebel group wey dey fight for southern independence during di First Sudanese Civil War for 1967. Sixteen years later - for di Second Sudanese Civil War - e dey among one of di five founding members of di Sudan People's Liberation Army/Movement.

Di former rebel commander, wey dey specialise in military intelligence, dem see am as moderator within di SPLM and im become di leader for 2005 afta di death of John Garang wey die for helicopter crash.

E become president of South Sudan wen dem gain independence and e don dey hold dat position for 14 years as no election don take place.

How bad tins fit go?

Last year, Nicholas Haysom, head of di UN mission for South Sudan, warn say di kontri dey "on di brink of returning to full-scale civil war", wey go devastate di nation wey still dey deal wit di aftermath of di last conflict.

Concerns dey say return to fighting fit lead to 'proxy warfare for di region', according to Daniel Akech, analyst for Crisis Group think-tank.

Any conflict go get two main consequences e add. "First, di two sides go strike ethnic grievances... as dem dey try mobilise supporters and prepare dem for combat. Secondly, di flare up for South Sudan, dey likely to pull di kontri neighbours."

[Di leaders of di members of di regional group Igad - including Uganda - suppose be di guarantors of di 2018 deal.]

Dem don deploy some Ugandan troops to di kontri as part of wetin di South Sudan govment tok as long-lasting agreement to support di army.