Afghanistan: Amsar tambaya 10 kan yaƙin da aka shafe shekara 20 ana yi

Amurka ta janye dakarunta daga Afghanistan bayan shafe shekara 20 ana rikici a ƙasar.

Ga Amurka da ƙawayenta, sansanin jiragen saman yaƙi na Bagram ne cibiyar yaƙi da Taliban da al-Qaeda.

Rundunar sojin hadaka da Amurka ke jagoranta ta koma ƙasar ne a watan Disamban 2001, inda aka mayar da sansanin wani katafare da ke iya ɗaukar har dakaru 10,000.

A yanzu duk sun tafi, bayan da Shugaba Joe Biden ya yi alƙawarin cewa dukkan dakarun Amurka za su tafi zuwa ranar 11 ga watan Satumban 2021.

A hannu guda kuma, ƙungiyar Taliban na samun ƙaruwa a yayin da suke ci gaba da mamayar ƙarin yankunan wasu ɓangarorin Afghanistan, inda suke ƙwace gwamman gundumomi.

Wannan yaƙi ya jawo matuƙar asara daga ta rayuka har ta dukiyoyi.

Amma me ya sa aka fara yaƙin, sannan shin Amurka ta cimma abin da ta ƙuduri niyya a yaƙin?

Me ya sa tun farko Amurka ta shiga Afghanistan?

A ranar 11 ga watan Satumban 2001, hare-haren da aka kai Amurka sun kashe kusan mutum 3,000, bayan da aka yi fashin jirage aka kutsa da su a ginin Cibiyar Kasuwanci Ta Duniya a New York, da ginin Pentagon da kuma Gundumar Arlington.

Shi kuwa jirgi na hudu sai ya yi hatsari a wani fili a Pennsylvania.

Ba da jimawa ba aka gano cewa shugaban ƙungiyar ta'addanci ta al-Qaeda, Osama Bin Laden ne ya kai hare-haren.

Ƙungiyar masu tsaurin ra'ayin Musulunci da ke mulkar Afghanistan ta kare Bin Laden, ta kuma ƙi miƙa shi ga Amurka.

Don haka wata guda bayan harin 9/11, sai Amurka ta ƙaddamar da wasu hare-haren sama a Afghanistan don murƙushe ƙungiyoyin biyu.

Me ya faru bayan nan?

Cikin wata biyu da ƙaddamar da hare-haren Amurka da ƙawayenta na ƙasashen duniya da na Afghanistan, sai mulkin Taliban ya rushe, sannan mayaƙanta suka dinga tsere wa Pakistan.

Amma ba ɓacewa kawai suka yi ba - faɗa a jinsu ya sake bunƙasa, suka sake kama ƙasa. Ƙungiyar na samun miliyoyin daloli duk shekara daga kasuwancin ƙwayoyi da haƙar ma'adinai da kuma haraji.

A shekarar 2004 aka kafa wata sabuwar gwamnati da ke samun goyon bayan Amurka, amma Taliban ta ci gaba da kai munanan hare-hare tsawon shekaru.

Dakarun ƙasashen duniya da ke aiki da na Afghanistan sun yi ta ƙoƙarin daƙile barazanar da Taliban ke yi a yayin da take ƙara ƙaimi.

Rikicin ya yi mummanar illa ga ƴan ƙasar Afghanistan, daga fararen hula har sojoji.

To kenan a shekarar 2001 rikicin Afghanistanya fara?

A taƙaice amsar ita ce a'a.

Afghanistan ta daɗe a cikin yanayi na rikici shekaru da dama da suka wuce, tun ma kafin shigar Amurka ƙasar.

A wuraren ƙarshen shekarun 1970, sojojin Tarayyar Sobiyet sun kutsa Afghanistan domin goyon bayan gwamnatinta ta gurguzu.

Ta yi yaƙi da wata ƙungiya ta Mujahideen - wacce Amurka da Pakistan da China da Saudiyya da sauran ƙasashe ke goyon baya.

A shekarar 1989 ne dakarun Sobiyet suka janye, amma an ci gaba da yaƙin. A rikicin da ya biyo baya ne aka samu ɓullar ƙungiyar Taliban, wacce kalmar ke nufin ɗalibai.

Ta yaya Taliban ta samu matuƙar ƙarfin faɗa a ji?

Taliban ta yi ƙarfi ne a yankin kan iyakar arewacin Pakistan da kudu maso yammacin Afghanistan a farkon shekarun 1990.

Ta yi alƙawarin yaƙar cin hanci da rashawa da ƙarfafa tsaro ga ƴan Afghanistan, waɗanda da yawansu ke ƙoƙarin farfaɗowa bayan ɓarnar da yaƙin basasa ya jawo musu.

Sun yi maza sun faɗaɗa ƙarfin ikonsu tare da gabatar da hukuncin shari'ar Musulunci - kamar yanke wa mutane hukuncin kisa a bainar jama'a ga waɗanda aka samu da laifin kisan kai da mazinata da kuma yanke hannayen waɗanda aka kama da laifin sata.

An tilasata wa maza tsayar da gemu, mata kuma dole su sanya niƙabi ko burƙa don rufe illahirin jikinsu har fuska.

Sannna taliban ta haramta kallon talabijin da jin kaɗe-kaɗe da zuwa sinima, tare da hana yara mata ƴan fiye da shekara 10 zuwa makaranta.

Kenan Taliban ba ta taɓa rushewa ba?

A lokuta da dama cikin shekara 20 da suka gabata, ana samun galaba a kan Taliban ta hanyar murƙushe su, sai dai hakan ba ya ɗorewa.

A shekarar 2014, a ƙarshen shekara mafi muni da aka fi zubar da jini a Afghanistan tun 2001, aka kawo ƙarshen ayyukan dakarun ƙasashen waje - da ke matuƙar taka tsantsan wajen zama a Afghanistan har sai baba ta gani, inda za su bar komai a hannun dakarun Afghanistan don yaƙar Taliban.

Amma hakan ya bai wa Taliban karsashi, a yayin da suke ƙwace yankuna da sanya bama-bamai don fakon gwamnati da fararen hula.

A shekarar 2018, BBC ta gano cewa Taliban tana ayyukanta sosai a kashi 70 cikin 100 na yankunan Afghanistan.

Asarar nawa rikicin ya jawo?

Kusan ma'aikata maza da mata 2,300 na Amurka ne suka rasa rayukansu sannan fiye da mutum 20,000 ne suka jikkata, da kuma wasu ƴan Birtaniya fiye da 450 da wasu ɗaruruwa na wasu ƙasashen.

Amma ƴan Afghanistan su ne mafi yawan waɗanda suka ji rauni, inda bincike ya nuna cewa fiye da jami'an tsaro 60,000 aka kashe.

An kashe ko jikkata kusan fararen hula 111,000 tun bayan da Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya ta fara tattara bayanan fararen hular da aka kashe a 2009, kamar yadda ta ce.

A cewar wani bincike, ƙiyasin kuɗaɗen da gwamnatin Amurka ta kashe ya kusa dala tiriliyan ɗaya.

Yarjejeniya da Taliban?

A watan Fabrairun 2020, Amurka da Taliban sun cimma yarjejeniyar zaman lafiya a Afghanistan da aka shafe shekaru ana aiki a kanta.

A ƙarƙashin yarjejeniyar, Amurka da ƙawayenta na ƙungiyar tsaro ta Nato sun amince su janye dukkan dakarunsu da sharaɗin Taliban ba za ta bar al-Qaeda ko duk wata ƙungiya mai tsaurin aƙida ta gudanar da ayyukanta a yankunan da ke ƙarƙashin ikonta ba.

A wani ɓangare na tattaunawar ta bara, Taliban da gwamnatin Afghanistan dukkansu sun saki fursunoni.

Kusan mayaƙan Taliban 5,000 aka sake a watannin da suka biyo bayan yarjejeniyar.

Amurka ta kuma yi alƙawarin ɗage takunkumin da aka sanya wa Taliban sannan ta haɗa kai da MDD don ɗage wasu takunkuman daban da aka sanya wa ƙungiyar.

Amurka ta tattauna ne kai tsaye da Taliban, ba tare da halartar gwamnatin Afghanistan ba. "Lokaci ya yi da za mu dawo da mutanenmu gida," a cewar shugaban Amurka na wancan lokacin Donald Trump.

Dukkan dakarun Amurka ne za su tafi?

Amurka da dakarun Nato sun janye daga sansanin Bagram, inda suka bar sha'anin tsaron a hannun gwamnatin Afghanistan.

Kusan dakarun Amurka 650 ake sa ran za su ci gaba da zama a ƙasar, a cewar kamfanin dillancin labarai na AP.

An bar su ne don su zama kariya ga jami'an diflomasiyya da kuma gadin babban filin jiragen sama na Kabul, wani muhimmin waje na sufuri a ƙasar da take can saƙo ba ta da teku.

Wane hali ake ciki a yanzu?

Tun bayan yarjejeniyar, ta bayyana cewa Taliban ta sauya salonta daga kai hare-hare birane da cibiyoyin soji zuwa kisan ɗauki ɗai-ɗai da ke razana fararen hular Afghanistan.

Suna ta ƙwace manyan yankuna, da sake yin barazanar tuntsurar da gwamnati a Kabul a yayin da dakarun ƙasashen wajen ke janyewa.

Al-Qaeda na kuma ci gaba da ayyukanta a Afghanistan, yayin da su ma mayaƙan IS ke kai hare-hare a ƙasar.

Ana ƙara damuwa kan makomar Kabul, amma shugaban Afghanistan Ashraf Ghani ya dage cewa dakarun tsaron ƙasar za su iya maginin masu tayar da ƙayar bayan.

Yaƙin shekara 20 a Afghanistan: Ko kwalliya ta biya kuɗin sabulu?

"Amsar ta danganta da yadda kake kallon lamarin," a cewar wakilin BBC kan tsaro Frank Gardner.

Wasu majiyoyi daga manyan jami'ai sun shaida wa BBC cewa tun farkon fara yaƙin, ba a samu wani harin ta'addanci da aka kai ƙasashen duniya da ya yi nasara wanda aka shirya shi daga Afghanistan ba.

"Don haka duba da shirin yaƙi da ta'addanci na ƙasashen duniya, kasancewar dakaru da jami'an tsaron ƙasashen duniya a ƙasar ya sa sun cimma muradunsu," kamar yadda Gardner ya ƙara da cewa.

Amma shekara 20 bayan nan, akwai jan aiki wajen daƙile ƙungiyar Taliban, kuma ta kasance ƙungiya mai gagarumin ƙarfin da zai yi wuya a daƙile ta.

Wasu rahotannin sun ce a watan Yuni an ga rikici mafi muni tun bayan zuwan rundunar haɗakan, inda aka rasa ɗaruruwan rayuka.

Sannan ɓangaren ci gaba na fuskantar barazana, inda aka lalata makarantu da gine-ginen gwamnati da turakun wutar lantarki da dama.

Mista Gardner ya ce: "Da al-Qaeda da ƙungiyar IS da sauran ƙungiyoyi masu tayar da ƙayar baya suna sake farfadowa suna kuma samun ƙwarin gwiwa sakamakon tafiyar sauran dakarun Ƙasashen Yamma."

Mista Gardner ya ce: "Da al-Qaeda da ƙungiyar IS da sauran ƙungiyoyi masu tayar da ƙayar baya, suna sake farfaɗowa tare da samun ƙwarin gwiwa sakamakon tafiyar ragowar dakarun Ƙasashen Yamma."