Matsalar ci-rani: Hanyoyi mafiya haɗari da mutane ke bi wajen tsallaka iyakoki
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Wani tsautsayi da ya faɗa kan 'yan ci-rani da ke shirin tsallaka iyakar ƙasashe a kwanakin baya ya tashi hankalin duniya.
A ranar Juma'a, mutum 23 ne suka mutu lokacin da suka yi yunƙurin tsallaka shinge daga Moroko zuwa cikin Sifaniya ta mashigar Melilla. Kwana uku bayan haka, 'yan sandan Amurka a garin San Antonio suka tsinci gawar mutum 46 a cikin wata mota da aka yasar a titi.
Hanyoyin da 'yan ci-rani ke bi sun ƙara zama masu haɗari saboda annobar korona, wadda ta sa ƙasashe suka tsaurara dokokin hana zirga-zirga.
Akwai yiwuwar matakin zai ƙara yawan mace-mace.
Hukumar Harkokin Ci-Rani ta Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya wato International Organization for Migration (IOM) ta ƙiyasta cewa tun daga 2014, 'yan ci-rani kusan 50,000 ne suka mutu ko suka ɓata yayin da suke ƙoƙarin zuwa inda suka nufa kamar Amurka da Turai. Hukumar ta ce akwai yiwuwar mamatan da waɗanda suka ɓata su zarta adadin.
Waɗanne hanyoyi ne mafiya haɗari da 'yan ci-rani ke bi? Kuma me ya sa suke bi?
Yankin Tsakiyar Tekun Baharrum
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A cewar IOM, wannan ce hanya mafi haɗari da 'yan ci-rani ke bi. An yi ƙiyasin mutum 19,500 ne suka mutu yayin da suke yunƙurin tsallaka Tekun Bahar Rum daga arewacin Afirka zuwa Turai tun daga 2014.
Akasari sukan yi yunƙurin tsalakawa ne ta cikin jiragen ruwan da aka cika su maƙil ko kuma wasu hanyoyi da suke ƙirƙira.
'Yan daba da sauran miyagu ne akasari ke tuƙa jiragen waɗanda ke safarar mutane.
A ƙasar Tunisia, wadda ke cikin hanyoyin da 'yan ci-rani ke bi zuwa Turai ta Tekun Bahar Rum, har wata maƙabarta aka tanada musamman ta waɗanda ke nutsewa a ruwan.
"Ganin waɗannan gawarwakin a nan na tayar mani da hankali," kamar yadda Vicky, wata 'yar Najeriya da ke son shiga Turai ta Tunisia, ta faɗa wa kamfanin labarai na AFP lokacin da ta kai ziyara maƙabartar.
"Idan na ga gawarwakin nan sai na ji kamar na fasa tsallaka tekun," a cewarta.
Hukumar IOM na fargabar cewa sauran 'yan ci-ranin ba lallai su fahimta ba.
"Har yanzu ana ci gaba da zuwa ci-rani ta Yankin Tsakiyar Tekun Bahar Rum. Abin da ya fi tayar da hankali shi ne yadda ake tsallakawa ta ruwa a faɗin duniya. Hakan na ci gaba da salwantar da rayukan jama'a saboda sakacin ƙasashe," in ji Safa Msehli, mai magana da yawun IOM.
Frontex, hukumar da ke tsaron iyakokin Turai, ta ce an ceto mutum kusan 300,000 da ke ƙoƙarin tsallakawa ta wannan hanyar tun daga 2015.
Hanyoyin cikin Afirka
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'Yan ci-ranin Afirka da dama da ke son shiga Turai kan kama hanya ne daga nahiyarsu, inda suke bi ta cikin sahara don isa ga ƙasashen arewacin Afirka.
Yanayi mai tsanani ne babbar matsalar tafiyar: IOM ta yi ƙiyasin mutuwar mutum 5,400 sakamakon yunƙurinsu na bi ta sahara daga 2014 zuwa 2020.
"Za ku ga mutane na mutuwa a cikin sahara. Wasu saboda ƙarancin kuzari, sai su mutu a can. Wasu kuma ruwansu ne ya ƙare," kamar yadda wani ɗan ci-rani Abdullah Ibrahim ya faɗa wa AFP.
Wata barazanar ita ce ta miyagun da ke safarar mutane a kan hanyar.
"Tashin hankalin da 'yan sumoga ke haddasawa da na masu safarar mutane da na jami'an tsaron kan iyaka, na cikin abubuwan da ke ƙara ta'azzara mace-mace da ake samu a sahara," a cewar IOM cikin rahotonta na baya-bayan nan.
Iyakar Amurka da Mexico
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Duk da cewa ba duka 'yan ci-ranin da ke fitowa daga nahiyar Amurka ne ke nufar Amurka ba, sai dai babban burinsu ke nan na mutanen da ke son sauya wurin zama a yankin.
Akwai ƙalubale mai girma a kan iyakar Amurka da Mexico: yankin ya yi ƙurin suna wajen yanayin tsarin ƙasashensu, ciki har da sahara, kuma 'yan ci-ranin kan yi yunƙurin tsallakawa Amurka ta kogin Rio Grande da ya ratsa wani ɓangare na iyakar.
Nitsewa a ruwa ce babbar matsalar wannan hanya, wadda IOM ta ƙiyasta mutuwar mutum aƙalla 3,000 tun daga 2014.
Waɗanda ke zabar su guje wa nitsewa ta hanyar ɓuya a cikin motoci na fuskantar wasu haɗarurrukan daban; kamar na waɗanda suka mutu a San Antonio.
A watan Disamban 2021, 'yan ci-rani 56 ne suka mutu a Chiapas na Mexico bayan motar da suke tafe a cikinta ta yi hatsari.
Hanyoyin Asiya
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IOM ta ce fiye da mutum 4 cikin 10 na 'yan ci-rani a duniya a 2020, an haife su ne a nahiyar Asiya, kuma nahiyar na da hanyoyi da yawa da suke bi.
A cewar hukumar MDD, mutum kusan 5,000 ne suka mutu ko suka ɓata a Asiya cikin shekara takwas da suka wuce.
Akasarin waɗannan mace-macen sun ƙunshi Musulmai 'yan ƙabilar Rohingya da ke bin hanyar Bengal da kuma kogin Andaman don neman tsira da rayuwarsu a maƙwabtan ƙasashe, ko kuma tsallakawa Turai.
"Muna cikin yunwa, na kasa shan ruwa, babu ma ruwan. Babu abinci, ba shinkafa, ba mu iya cin komai ba. Haka muka yi ta rayuwa a kogi tsawon wata ɗaya," a cewar Muhammad Ilyas mai shekara 37, wanda ke cikin 'yan gudun hijirar Rohingya, cikin hirarsa da APF bayan an ceto shi daga jirginsu da ya kife.
Kamar sauran 'yan ci-rani a sauran wurare, su ma waɗannan na fuskantar ƙwace da fashi daga miyagu masu safarar mutane.
Wata hanyar mai haɗari ita ce iyakar Turkiyya da Iran, wadda ta fuskanci ƙaruwar 'yan ci-rani daga Afghanistan tun bayan da Taliban ta ƙwace mulki a Agustan 2021.
Hukumar 'yan gudun hijira ta Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya (UNHCR) ta ce an yi rajistar 'yan Afghanistan mutum fiye da miliyan biyu da ke gudun hijira a Iran.
