Me ƙungiyar Jama'at Nusrat al-Islam wal Muslimeen ke son cimma a Sahel?

Ƙaruwar hare-haren ta'addancin mayaƙa masu iƙirarin jihadi a ƙasashen Burkina Faso da Mali da Nijar na ƙara fargabar ko yankin Sahel a yammacin Afirka na ƙara lalacewa.

Wata ƙungiya da ke da alaƙa da ƙungiyar al-Qaeda na ɗaukar alhakin akasarin waɗannan hare-haren, amma wace ƙungiya ce, kuma mene take so?

Wace ƙungiya ce JNIM?

Ƙungiyar Jamaat Nusrat al-Islam wal-Muslimin (JNIM) ta zama ɗaya daga cikin ƙungiyoyin jihadi mafiya hatsari a Afirka cikin shekaru ƙalilan.

Ƙungiyar ta JNIM wadda aka kafa a Mali, a yanzu tana ayyukanta ne a faɗin yankin Sahel, wani yankin Sahara mai girma da ya ƙunshi ƙasashe 10.

Ana hasashen cewa ƙungiyar ce ke da alhakin fiye da rabin rikicin siyasa da aka samu a yankin tsakiyar Sahel daga Maris ɗin 2017 da Satumban 2023.

A shekarar 2024, kashi 19 na hare haren ta'addanci da aka kai a faɗin duniya da kuma fiye da rabin mace-macen da ke da alaƙa da ta'addanci sun faru ne a yankin Sahel, a cewar rahoton jerin ƙasashen da suka fi fama da ayyukan ta'addanci na 2025 wanda makarantar nazari kan tattalin arziƙi da zaman lafiya ta wallafa.

Duk da dai abu mai wuya ne a san takamaimai mayaƙa nawa ne a ƙungiyar, ko kuma sabbin mayaƙa nawa aka ɗauka a baya bayannan, masana na ganin cewa sun kai dubbai, akasari maza matasa.

Yaya aka kafa JNIM kuma me take so?

An ƙirƙiro ƙungiyar JNIM a shekarar 2017 a matsayin haɗaka tsakanin ƙungiyoyin ƴan bindiga masu iƙirarin jihadi guda huɗu da ke arewacin Afirka da kuma Sahel. sun haɗa da Ansar Dine, Katibat Macina, al Mourabitoun da kuma reshen ƙungiyar Al-Qaeda in the Islamic Maghreb (AQIM) da ke Sahara.

Iyad Ag Ghali, tsohon jami'in diflomasiyya a Mali ke jagorantar ƙungiyar, wanda ɗan ƙabilar asbinawa ne da akasarinsu musulmai ne.

Ya jagoranci tawayen da asbinawa suka yi wa gwamnatin Mali a 2012 waɗanda ke buƙatar kafa jiha mai zaman kanta a arewacin Mali.

Akwai kuma mataimakin sa, Amadou Koufa, wanda ya fito daga alummar Fulani.

Masu sharhi na ganin cewa wannan shugabancin na taimakawa wajen kula da rassan ƙungiyar ta JNIM wanda ke faɗin yankin Sahel wanda ake kira 'Katibat'.

Ƙungiyar JNIM na wallafa rubutu da bidiyo a shafinta na kafofin sada zumunta na ChipWire da Telegram ta hannun ɓangarenta mai kula da yaɗa labarai da ake kira al-Zallaqa.

Ƙungiyar ta ce burinta shi ne ta maye gurbin tsarin tafiyar da mulki na kasashen da tsauraran dokokin shariar musulunci.

A baya kuma sun yi kiran a janye sojojin ƙasashen waje daga Mali.

A ina ƙungiyar ke ayyukanta?

Ƙungiyar ta fara aiki ne a tsakiyar Mali, amma cikin sauri ta faɗaɗa ayyukanta inda ta ke ɗaukar alhakin hare hare a Burkina Faso da Togo da Benin da Nijar da kuma Ivory Coast.

A yanzu ƙungiyar na ayyukanta a dukkanin yankunan Mali da kuma yankuna 11 cikin 13 na Burkina Faso, a cewar shirin yaƙi da ayyukan masu aikata laifi tsakanin ƙasa da ƙasa (GI-TOC).

Burkina Faso ta zama cibiyar ayyukan ƙungiyar, galibi yankunan iyakokin arewaci da gabashi.

Daga watan Janairu zuwa watan Mayun 2025, ƙungiyar JNIM ta ɗauki alhakin fiye da hare hare 240, adadin da ya nunka wanda aka samu a irin lokacin a 2024, a cewar bayanan da BBC ta tabbatar.

Ƙungiyar ta JNIM na kuma sanar da mutane kasancewarta a yankuna da dama na Mali da Burkina Faso.

Ƙungiyar na kuma karɓar haraji daga kauyuka, wanda suke kira Zakat, hakazalika tana sanya tsaurara ƙaidojin sanya sutura, kuma tana toshe hanyoyi wanda sai mutane sun biya kafin su wuce, in ji Beverly Ochieng, ƙwararriya a harkar tsaro a kamfanin Control Risk.

Wannan musulunci da suke yi ya sha banban da musuluncin da ake yi a yankunan karkara, a cewar Yvan Guichaoua, babban mai bincike a cibiyar nazari kan rikice rikice na Bonn.

Shin hare-haren ƙungiyar JNIM na ƙaruwa ne?

Ƙungiyar ta kai hare hare fiye da 3000 a Burkina Faso da Mali da Nijar a shekarar da ta gabata, a cewar ƙungiyar da ke samar da alƙaluman rikice rikice mai suna Armed Conflict Location and Event Data.

Ochieng ta bayyana cewa ƙungiyar na amfani da dabaru da dama da aka tsara domin yin mummunar ɓarna. '' Suna birne abubuwa masu fashewa a kan muhimman hanyoyi kuma masu cin dogon zango.''

'' Suna kuma kai hari kan jamian tsaro a sansanonin soji, don haka akasarin makaman su na zuwa ne daga can. Suna kuma kai hari kan fararen hula-musamman a lokacin da kungiyar ke tunanin wata alumma na haɗa kai da gwamnati,'' in ji ta.

Hare haren na ƙara yawa da muni a watannin da suka gabata.

Ƙungiyar ta ɗauki alhakin manyan hare hare a watan Yuni a kan birnin Boulikessi da ke Mali inda aka kashe sojiji 30, a cewar kamfanin dillancin labarai na Reuters.

Reuters ta kuma ruwaito cewa ana hasashen masu tayar da ƙayar baya sun kashe sojoji fiye da 400 tun daga farkon watan Mayu a sansanonin soji da kuma wasu birane a Mali da Nijar da Burkina Faso.

" Suna ta kai hare hare da dama a makonnin da suka gabata da ba a taɓa yin irin su ba,'' in ji Guichaoua. '' Sun ƙara ƙaimi wajen kai hare hare a makonnin baya bayannan.''

Duk da dai ana daƙile ƴancin ƴan jarida da kuma rage kafafen yaɗa labarai, wasu an kulle su bayan juyin mulki a ƙasashen, hakan na nufin ba a samun labaran hare hare da dama da ke da alaƙa da ƙungiyoyin.

An yi juyin mulki a Nijar a 2023, a Burkina Faso a 2022 sai kuma Mali a 2020.

A ina ƙungiyar ke samun kuɗaɗenta?

Ƙungiyar JNIM na samun kuɗaɗenta ta hanyoyi da dama. A baya hanyoyin sun haɗa da yin garkuwa da ƴan ƙasashen waje domin karɓar kuɗin fansa, da kuma karɓar kuɗi domin bayar da damar wucewa ta hanyoyi ga masu wucewa da albarkatun ƙasa da kuma dabbobi.

" Satar shanu na daga cikin manyan hanyoyin da ƙungiyar ke samun kuɗi," in ji wani masani daga GI-TOC da BBC ta tattauna da shi. Masanin bai so a faɗi sunansa ba saboda zai iya zama barazana ga tsaron shi a ƙasar.

'' Ƙasar Mali na fitar da shanu ƙsashen waje, don haka abu ne mai sauƙi garesu su saci dabbobi su sayar da su.''

Binciken GI-TOC ya nuna cewa a cikin shekara ɗaya kuma a gunduma ɗaya, ƙungiyar JNIM ta samu FCFA miliyan 440, kwatankwacin dala 768,000. Bisa la'akari da wannan kuɗin, ƙungiyar na samun muliyoyi daga satar shanu.

'' Wuraren haƙar zinare ma wani hanyar samun kuɗi ne, ƙungiyar na karɓar haraji daga mutanen da ke shiga da fita daga yankunan''.

Wane ƙoƙari ake yi wajen yaƙarta?

Rundunar sojin Faransa sun kasance a Mali domin taimakawa gwamnati na kusan shekara 10 - wanda aka jibge fiye da sojoji 4,000 a faɗin yankin Sahel suna yaƙar ƙungiyoyi kamar JNIM.

Duk da kai sun sami nasarori da farko a shekarar 2013 da 2014, inda suka kwato yankuna da dama daga ƙungiyoyi masu iƙirarin jihadi tare kuma da hallaka manyan kwamandoji, sai dai waɗannan nasarorin sun gaza wajen daƙile bunƙasar ƙungiyar.

''Ayyukan yaƙi da ta'addanci ba su yi nasara ba zuwa yanzu saboda tunanin da ake da shi na cewa za a iya yaƙar ƙungiyar JNIM ta hanyar amfani da soji, amma ta hanyar sulhu da yarjejeniya ne kawai za a kawo ƙarshen ƙungiyar, '' in ji masanin GI-TOC.

A shekarun baya, ƙasashen Sahel sun haɗu suka kafa rundunar tsaro ta G5 Sahel.

Sai dai a shekarun baya, ƙasashen Burkina Faso da Mali da Nijar sun fice, wanda hakan ya rage ƙarfin rundunar na yaƙi da ta'addanci.

MINUSMA, dakarun wanzar da zaman lafiya na majalisar ɗinkin duniya- duk da dai ba yaƙi da ta'addanci suke ba- sun kasance a Mali na tsawo shekara 10 domin tallafawa, sai dai sun bar ƙasar a ƙarshen 2024.

Wane tasiri juyin mulkin sojoji ya yi a kan ƙungiyar JNIM?

Rahotanni sun bayyana cewa an sami ƙaruwar mace-mace a yankin Sahel da ninki uku daga yadda aka samu a shekarar 2020 a lokacin da aka sami juyin mulki na farko a yankin a ƙasar Mali.

Daga baya kuma rashin shugabanci na gari ƙarƙashin mulkin soji a Burkina Faso da Mali da Nijar ya bai wa ƙungiyoyin ta'addanci kamar su JNIM damar cin karen su babu babbaka, a cewar masana.

Waɗannan gwamnatocin sojin sun yi gaggawar cewa sojojin Faransa su fice daga ƙasashensu, inda suka maye gurbinsu da na Rahsa da kuma dakarun haɗin gwiwa na ƙasashen uku. Sai dai a yanzu kuma mayaƙan Wagner na janye dakarunsu bakiɗaya daga Mali.

A Burkina Faso, sojojin da ake kira na 'sa kai' wani mataki ne da ake amfani wajen yaƙar ƴan ta'adda. Shugaba Ibrahim Traore ya ce ya na so ya ɗauki sabbin mayaƙa 50,000. Sai dai kwararru na ganin ana tilasta ma waɗannan mayaƙan sa kan shiga aikin kuma rashin horaswa da kyau na kai wa ga asarar dimbim rayuka.

Su kansu gwamnatocin sojin, kungiyoyin kare haƙƙin bil adama sun zarge su da aikata laifuka kan fararen hula, musamman alummar fulani, wanda suke zargi da haɗa kai da ƙungiyoyin ƴan ta'adda, wanda ke ƙara kawo cikas da kokarin samar da zaman lafiya.

Tsakanin watan Janairun 2024 da Maris ɗin 2025, sojojin gwamnati da ƙawayensu na Rasha sun yi sanadiyyar mutuwar mutane 1486 a Mali, kusan ninki biyar fiye da na JNIM, a cewar GI-TOC.

Waɗannan hare haren kan fararen hula ya sanya tsana kan gwamnati, wanda kuma ya ƙara ingiza ɗaukar sabbin mayaƙa a JNIM.

A yayin da ƙasashen ke ƙoƙarin yaƙi da ta'addanci, akwai fargabar JNIM za ta cigaba da faɗaɗa ayyukan ta'addancinta a bakiɗaya yankin Sahel.