Yadda aka kawar da gwamnatin Bashar al-Assad na Syria

Zuri'ar Assad ta yi mulkin kama karya na tsawon shekara 53 a Syria. Yanzu dai mulkin ya zo ƙarshe.

Shugaba Bashar al-Assad ya karɓi ragamar mulki ne a 2000, bayan mahaifinsa ya yi mulkin aƙalla shekara 30.

Shekara 13 da suka wuce ya yi amfani da ƙarfi wajen murƙushe masu zanga-zangar lumana, lamarin da ya sauya zuwa yaƙin basasa da ya ɗaiɗaita ƙasar. An kashe mutane fiye da rabin miliyan, kuma an tilasta wa wasu miliyan 12 barin muhallansu.

Amma a ranar Larabar makon da ya gabata, wata ƙungiya mai rajin addinin Islama, Hayat Tahrir al-Sham (HTS) ta yi nasarar ƙaddamar da hari mai muni a arewa maso yammacin ƙasar, bayan ta yi haɗin gwiwa da wasu ƙungiyoyin tawaye.

Ƴan tawayen sun ƙwace birni na biyu mafi girma a Syria, Aleppo, sannan suka danna kudanci zuwa babban birnin ƙasar Damascus, suka kuma fi ƙarfin dakarun Syria.

Ƴan Syria da dama sun ce sun shaƙi iskar ƴanci yayin da wasu ke bayyana damuwa game da abin da zai faru nan gaba.

Wa ke riƙe da iko a Syria kafin yanzu?

An shafe shekaru ana sa ran cewa yaƙin Syria ya zo ƙarshe bayan gwamnatin Assad ta karbi iko a mafi yawan biranen Syria, kuma ta samu nasarar yin haka ne da taimakon Rasha da Iran da kuma ƙungiyoyin tawaye da Iran ke marawa baya.

Gwamnatin ta yi nasarar riƙe manyan wuraren da aka yi rikicin, amma mafi yawan sassan ƙasar ba su a hannun gwamnati.

Daga cikin su akwai arewaci da gabashin ƙasar da ke hannun mayaƙan ƙurdawa masu samun goyon bayan Amurka, da ake kira Syrian Democratic Forces (SDF).

Yankunan da ƴan tawayen suka mamaye na ƙarshe kafin yanzu su ne Aleppo da kuma Idlib da ke kusa da Turkiyya kuma mutane aƙalla miliyan huɗu ke rayuwa, sai dai mafi yawan su suna zaman gudun hijira ne.

Mayaƙan HTS ne suka mamaye yankunan, amma suna haɗaka da wasu ƙungiyoyi masu iƙirarin jihadi da suke zaune a yankunan.

Akwai kuma wata ƙungiyar ƴan tawayen da Turkiyya ke goyon baya mai suna Syrian National Army (SNA) wadda itama ta ke riƙe da wasu sassa.

Su waye ƴan ƙungiyar Hayat Tahrir al-Sham?

An kafa ƙungiyar mai iƙirarin jihadi ne a 2012, inda aka ba ta suna al-Nusra, kuma bayan shekara ɗaya kacal ta sanar da biyayyar ta ga al-Qaeda.

Ana kallon Al-Nusra a matsayin ƙungiya mafi hatsari da ta taɓa yin fito na fito da shugaba Assad. Sai dai ana ganin ta yi ƙarfi ne saboda manufofin ta na iƙirarin jihadi ba saboda rajin kawo sauyi ba. Kuma a lokacin ana ganin tana da banbancin manufofi da babbar gamayyar ƴan tawaye ta Free Syrian Army.

A 2016, Al-Nusra ta ɓalle daga al-Qaeda kuma ta canza suna zuwa Hayat Tahrir al-Sham lokacin da ta haɗe da wasu ƙungiyoyin tawaye.

Sai dai Majalisar Dinkin Duniya da Amurka da kuma Birtaniya sun ci gaba da kallon HTS a matsayin ƙungiya mai biyayya ga al-Qaeda, kuma suna kiran ta da suna al-Nusra Front. Amurka ta ayyana neman shugaban ƙungiyar, Abu Mohammed al-Jawlani, ruwa a jallo, har ma ta sanya ladar $10m ga duk wanda ya taimaka domin kama shi bayan ta sanya shi a jerin ƴan ta'adda da take nema.

HTS ta ci gaba da mamaye harkokin iko da birnin Idlib da kuma Aleppo, bayan ta murƙushe abokan hamayyar ta na al-Qaeda da IS. Ta kafa abin da ta kira gwamnatin ƙwato ƴancin Syria wadda kemulki da tanadin shari'ar musulumci.

A wata hira da CNN, Jawlani ya ce "Manufar boren nasu ita ce kifar da gwamnatin Assad" kuma ya ce a shirye yake ya kafa gwamnatin da za ta yi mulki bisa tanadin kundinmulkin ƙasa.

Me ya sa ƴan tawayen suka ƙaddamar da hare-hare?

An shafe shekaru ana gwamza yaƙi a Idlib, inda dakarun gwamnatin Syria ke ƙoƙarin ƙwace iko.

Amma a 2020, Turkiyya da Rasha sun ja ragamar tsagaita wuta da ta kawo ƙarshen yunƙurin gwamnatin na ƙwace birnin Idlib. Tsagaita wutar ta yi nasara duk da cewa ana samun rikicin da ke tashi a wasu wurare.

A ranar 27 ga watan Nuwamba, HTS da ƙawayen ta suka ce sun ƙaddamar da yaƙi domin hana a mamaye su, inda suka zargi gwamnati da ƙungiyoyin da Iran ke gyon baya, da kai hare-hare kan fararen hula a arewa maso yamma.

Kuma wannan na zuwa ne a daidai lokacin da gwamnati ta yi fama da tsawon shekaru ana gwabza yaƙi, da yawan takunkumi da aka ƙaƙaba mata da kuma yaɗuwar rashawa. Ga kuma hankalin ƙawayenta na waje suna fama da nasu rikicin.

Ƙungiyar Hezbollah ta Lebanon da Iran ke goyon baya, ta taimaka sosai a shekarun baya, lokacin da Syria ta yi nasarar fatattakar ƴan tawaye, amma hare-haren Isra'ila sun hana samun irin wannan taimako a yanzu.

Hare-haren Isra'ilan sun kuma kashe kwamandan sojin Iran a Syria, da kuma daƙile hanyoyin da mayaƙa masu goyon bayan gwamnati.

Rasha kuma ta karkata ga yaƙin da take da Ukraine.

Wannan giɓi da aka samu ya fito da nakasun dakarun Assad ƙarara.

Me ya faru a ƙasar?

Mayaƙan HTS da ke jagorancin tawayen sun ƙwace iko a sassan birnin Aleppo - nirnin na biyu mafi girma a Syria, kwanaki uku kacal bayan sun ƙaddamar da harin ba zata. Sun ce ba su fuskanci wata tirjiya ba a yunƙurin nasu, saboda gwamnati ta yi saurin janye dakarun ta.

Assad ya sha alwashin ''murƙushe'' ƴan tawayen da taimakon ƙawayen sa. Jiragen yaƙin Rasha sun riƙa kai hari kan yankunan da ƴan tawayen ke da ƙarfi kuma mayaƙan da Iran ke goyon baya sun tura da dakaru domin ƙara ƙarfin na gwamnatin Syria a yankin Hama.

Sai dai a ranar Alhamis ƴan tawayen suka ƙwace Hama, bayan kwanaki ana fafatawa da ta tilastawa dakarun gwamnati janyewa.

Nan da nan kuma ƴan tawayen suka sanar da cewa aniyar su ita ce ƙwace Homs, birni na uku mafi girma a Syria kuma sun yi nasarar ƙwace birnin a ranar Asabar da dare.

A lokaci guda kuma wasu mayaƙan ƴan tawayen na daban da ke kudu maso yammacin ƙasar mai iyaka da Jordan sun kutsa ƙauyukan gefen Damascus, bayan ƙwace iko a Deraa da kuma Suweida cikin kwana guda kacal.

Da sanyin safiyar Lahadi kuma ƙungiyar HTS ta sanar da shigar ta Damascus kuma ta saki fursunonin da ke tsare a gidan yarin soji na Saydanaya, inda ake tsare da ƴan adawa da ake zargi da hannu a yaƙin basasar ƙasar.

Bayan ƙasa da sa'a ɗaya kuma suka ayyana cewa ''Bashar al-Assad mai kama karya ya tsere''

Sun ce "Bayan shekara 50 a ƙarƙashin mulkin kama karya, kuma shekara13 cikin uƙubar Assad...muna sanar da kawo ƙarshen danniya da kuma buɗe sabon babi a tarihin Syria".

Wani babban hafsan soji ya ce shugaban ƙasar ya tsere a cikin wani jirgi zuwa wani wuri da ba a sani ba.

Firaiministan Assad, Mohammed al-Jalali, ya wallafa wani bidiyo inda ya ce a shirye yake ya yi ''aiki tare '' da zaɓin al'ummar Syria.

Jawlani ya umarci mayaƙan sa kada su shiga gine-ginen gwamnati, yana mai cewa za su ci gaba da kasancewa ƙarƙashin ikon firaiministan har zuwa lokacin da za a miƙa masu mulki a hukumance.

Me ƙasashen duniya ke cewa?

Fadar White House ta ce shugaban Amurka, Joe Biden da jami'ansa na bibiyar abubuwan da ke faruwa a Syria kuma tana tuntuɓar masu ruwa da tsaki a ƙasar.