Ƙungiyoyin ƴanbindiga da suke addabar Najeriya

Najeriya na fama da rikice-rikice da suka haɗa da garkuwa da mutane da kashe-kashe da sauran matsalolin tsaro.

Kalaman Shugaban Amurka Donald Trump sun taimaka wajen ƙara yi wa rikice-rikicen kallon kisan kiyashi kan Kiristoci tare da yin watsi da asalin abin da yake faruwa a ƙasar mai girman gaske.

Akwai sama da ƙabilu 250 a Najeriya, amma dai ƙasar ta fi rabuwa zuwa Musulmi waɗanda suka fi yawa a arewaci, sai kuma Kiristoci waɗanda suka fi yawa a kudanci, sannan gwamnatin ƙasar ta bayyana cewa kashe-kashen ya shafar kowane ɓangare da ma kowane addini.

Akwai ƴanbindiga da suka fi addabar arewa maso yamma, sai mahara masu iƙirarin jihadi da suka fi addabar arewa maso gabas, akwai rikicin makiyaya da manoma a tsakiyar ƙasar, sai kuma rikicin masu yunƙurin ɓallewa daga ƙasar a kudu maso gabas.

Wannan ya sa aiki yake yawa kan sojojin ƙasar kusan 400,000 da ƴansanda 370,000.

BBC ta yi nazari kan na'ukan ƙungiyoyin ƴanbindiga da suke addabar sassan ƙasar.

Ƴanbindiga

Yawanci ƴanbindiga ana zargin Fulani sun fi yawa, kuma asali an fi saninsu da kiwo, amma abubuwa suka lalace daga baya inda aka samu wasu daga cikinsu sun ɗauki makami suna garkuwa da mutane.

Babu wata alaƙa tsakanin harkokin ƴanbindiga da addini ko wata sananniyar fafutikar siyasa, sai dai kawai ana ganin sun mayar da harkar ce a matsayin hanyar samun kuɗi cikin gaggawa.

Babu takamaiman shugabanci ko jagoranci a harkar, inda kusan kowane gungu ke da shugaba. Ƴansanda sun sha ayyana lada mai tsoka kan wasu jagororin ƙungiyoyi, ciki har da Ado Aleru da Bello, sannan a shekarar 2022 gwamnatin Najeriya ta ayyana ƴanbindiga a matsayin "ƴan ta'adda."

Su kansu ƙungiyoyin suna faɗa da junansu, sannan suna zuwa jihohi maƙwabta domin su yi aika-aikarsu. Sannan suna karɓar kuɗin fansa ba tare da la'akari da yanayin ƙarfin mutum ba, kuma a wasu wuraren suna saka haraji ga mazauna ko manoma.

Yanzu an fara ganin ƙananan ƴanbindiga suna shiga TikTok suna nuna irin maƙudan kuɗaɗen da suka karɓa a matsayin kuɗin fansa da makamai, kuma suna da dubban mabiya.

Boko Haram

Ƙungiyar Boko Haram ta ƙara amo ne a shekarar 2014 bayan sace ɗalibai ƴan mata na Chibok sama da 200, kuma har yanzu akwai kusan 90 da ba a gansu ba.

Ƙungiya ce da Mohammed Yusuf ya assasa a shekarar 2002 a jihar Borno da ke arewa maso gabas, kuma an fi saninta da sunan Jama'atu Ahlis Sunna Lidda'awati wal-Jihad kuma burinsu shi ne kafa ƙasar Musulunci, amma ana kiranta da Boko Haram saboda fahimtarsu da adawa da karatun boko.

Bayan kashe Mohammed Yusuf a shekarar 2009 ne yaƙin ya ƙara ta'azzara, bayan Abubakar Shekau ya karɓi ragamar ƙungiyar, sannan ya naɗa shugabannin sassa a ƙungiyar.

Ƴan matan Chibok na cikin dubban mata da ƙananan yara da ƴan ƙungiyar suka sace, inda suke aurensu wasu daga cikinsu, sannan suke amfani da wasu domin harin ƙunar baƙin wake.

Daga baya ƙungiyar ta rabe biyu, sannan bayan mutuwar Shekau, ƙarfinta ya ragu sosai duk da cewa tana ci gaba da kai hare-hare kan fararen hula da jami'an tsaro.

Iswap

Wasu kwamandojin Boko Haram ciki har da Abu Musab al-Barnawi, wanda aka ce ɗan Mohammed Yusuf ne suka koma ɓangaren Iswap a shekarar 2016 bayan sun zargi Shekau da kama-karya, musamman ta hanyar kashe Musulmi ba gaira ba dalili.

Iswap ta fara ƙazamin yaƙi da Boko Haram, inda ko a watan jiya sun gwabza yaƙi. Kuma ko a baya rikici tsakani ƙungiyoyin biyu ne ya yi sanadiyar mutuwar Shekau, inda ya kashe kansa maimakon ya miƙa wuya.

Ko a kwanakin baya ma sun kashe Birgediya Janar Musa Uba bayan kwanton ɓauna da suka yi wa sojoji.

Haka kuma kwanakin baya, an yanke wa Hussaini Ismail hukuncin ɗaurin shekara 20 saboda samunsa da laifin hare-hare a Kano a shekarar 2012.

Duk da cewa babu ƙungiyar da ta ɗauki alhakin sace ɗalibai a makarantun Kebbi da Kwara da Neja, amma gwamnati na zargin akwai hannun Boko Haram da Iswap a ciki, kamar yadda mai magana da yawun gwamnati, Sunday Dare ya shaida wa BBC.

Amma dai wasu masana suna da ra'ayi daban, kamar Bulama Bukarti, wanda ya ce yana tunanin babu Boko Haram da Iswap a arewa maso yamma, "sace-sacen da ake yi a yankin, duk ƴanbindiga ne suke yi."

Ansaru

Wata ƙungiya da ta ɓalle daga Boko Haram ita ce Ansaru, amma ta fi addabar yankin arewa ta tsakiya.

Ana tunanin mambobinta ne suka kai hari kan jirgin ƙasan Abuja-Kaduna a 2022, inda aka kashe aƙalla mutum 7 sannan aka sace sama da mutum 100.

An kama jagoranta Khalid al-Barnawi a shekarar 2016 kuma yanzu haka ana ci gaba da shari'arsa a kotu kan hare-hare da dama, ciki har da hari a ofishin Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya a Abuja. Ko a watan Disamba mai zuwa akwai zaman sauraron shari'arsa.

Mahmuda

Ita kuma ƙungiyar Mahmuda ana tunanin daga Boko Haram ta ɓalle, inda yanzu ta fi ƙarfi a yankin Kainji a jihar Neja.

Ƙungiyar ta kai hare-hare da dama a kasuwanni da garuruwa da kan ƴan sa kai musamman a jihar Kwara. A watan Afrilu, ƴan ƙungiyar sun kai hari kan ƴan sa kai sannan suka kai hari a kasuwa inda suka kashe mutane, ciki har da ƴan Fulani.

Ana tunanin sun fara faɗaɗa zuwa arewacin Kwara zuwa Neja da Kebbi.

Lakurawa

Lakurawa ma wata ƙungiya ce da ta fi ƙarfi a jihohin Sokoto da Kebbi da ma Jamhuriyar Nijar mai maƙwabtaka da Najeriya.

Hukumomi a Najeriya sun ce Lakurawa na da alaƙa da ƙungiyoyin jihadi a Mali da Nijar, kuma sun fi zama a yankunan da ke bakin iyakar ƙasashe.

Da farko sun fara shiga ran mutane a matsayin masu ba su kariya daga hare-haren ƴanbindiga, amma yanzu sun fara matsa lamba, inda har suka fara duba wayoyin mutane suna goge waƙoƙi da bulala ga masu jin waƙa.

A shekarar 2025 ne aka ayyana ta a matsayin ƙungiyar ƴan ta'ada.

JNIM

Asali wannan ƙungiyar ta fi ƙarfi a Mali da Burkina Faso inda suke riƙe da yankuna masu yawa, amma yanzu ƙungiyar ta Jama'at Nasr al-Islam wal Muslimin (JNIM), ta fara ɓulla a Najeriya.

An tabbatar da harin ƙungiyar JNIM a kusa da bakin iyakar shiga Najeriya. A watan Oktoban 2025 ne ƙungiyar ta yi iƙirarin ƙaddamar da harinta na farko a jihar Kwara.

Rikicin makiyaya da manoma

Wani daɗaɗɗen rikici ne da yake addabar mutanen yankunan arewa ta tsakiya, wanda ya yi sanadiyar raba mutane da dama da muhallinsu, kuma ya yi sanadiyar bazuwar makamai a hannun manoma da makiyaya, inda suke kai wa juna hare-hare.

Wasu dai suna ganin rikici ne na addini, amma asali rikici ne da ya faro a sanadiyar rikicin fili.

Jihohin da suka fi fuskantar matsalar akwai Kaduna da Filato da Nasarawa da Benue da Taraba. Tuni wasu gwamnonin suka haramta yawon kiwo, sannan suka ƙirƙiri dokar killace dabbobi.

IPOB

Rikicin neman ɓallewa a Najeriya ya samo asali ne daga yunƙurin kafa ƙasar Biafra, wanda ya janyo yaƙin basasar ƙasar kimanin shekara 60 da suka gabata, wanda ya yi ajalin sama da mutum miliyan 2.

Duk da cewa a yaƙin an samu nasarar daƙile yunƙurin, amma tun a lokacin ne Igbo suke ci gaba da fafutikar kafa ƙasar ta Biafra saboda zargin ana ware su a Najeriya.

Yanzu Nnamdi Kanu ne yake jagorantar ƙungiyar, inda a shekarar 2009 ya kafa Radio Biafra, kafin a shekarar 2017 gwamnatin Najeriya ta ayyana ƙungiyar ta Ipob a matayin ƙungiyar ta'addanci.

An zargi ƙungiyar ESN, kamar yadda ake kiranta a baya da zargin garkuwa da fararen hula da jami'an tsaro a jihohin kudu maso gabas, inda har suke tursasa mutane da dama zaman dole a wasu garuruwan yankin a ranar Litinin, lamarin da ke haifar da ƙuncin tattalin arziki.

A farkon wannan shekarar ne aka ɗaure Simon Ekpa a ƙasar Finland saboda kama shi da laifin ta'addanci.

A makon jiya kuma an ɗaure Kanu a Najeriya bisa zarginsa da laifukan ta'addanci, inda aka yanke masa hukuncin ɗaurin rai da rai.