Menya aba bakuru b'ibihugu batanu ba Afrika bavuye ku butegetsi ku gushaka kwabo

Nubwo Afrika yagiye ica mu bibazo vya poritike indiri n'indiri, hari abakuru b'ibihugu bakeya barekuye ubutegetsi ku gushaka kwabo, imbere y'uko ibiringo vyabo bihera.

Kuva ibihugu bitari bike vya Afrika bironse intahe y'ukwikukira, abakuru b'ibihugu batari bake bagiye bava ku butegetsi nabi. Ama coups d'Etat ya gisirikare, ukugandagurwa, abandi bagapfa bakiri ku butegetsi, canke n'aho bakirukanwa.

Muri izi ngoma aho usanga ubutegetsi bwiharijwe n'umuntu umwe canke ata kubisanya kuhari, harabayeho bake cane mu bakuru b'ibihugu bavuye ku butegetsi ku gushaka kwabo.

Aba batanu barerekana, umwe wese mu buryo bwiwe, ko iki cemezo c'imbonekarimwe gishoboka: Léopold Sédar Senghor, Ahmadou Ahidjo, Julius Nyerere, Thabo Mbeki, hamwe na Joachim Chissano.

Léopold Sédar Senghor (Sénégal)

Haraciye imyaka 40 irengako imisi ibiri, ku wa 31 Kigarama (12) 1980, Léopold Sédar Senghor atangaje ko atanze imihoro ku mugaragaro nk'umukuru w'igihugu ca Sénégal, aba abaye umukuru w'igihugu wa mbere muri Afrika avuye ku butegetsi ku gushaka kwiwe, inyuma y'imyaka 20 arongoye ico gihugu.

Iyi ngingo y'akataraboneka yatanguye gutangazwa ku wa 4 Kigarama 1980 mu kinyamakuru c'igihugu Le Soleil, hanyuma iza gutangazwa ku mugaragaro mw'ijambo ryiwe ry'impera y'umwaka, nk'uko yama abigira.

Ku myaka 74, uno mukuru w'igihugu n'umwanditsi w'ivyese yemeje ubwiwe ko yari agiye kuva ku butegetsi, ingingo yategerezwa kuja mu ngiro kuva isaha zitandatu z'ijoro.

Yavuze ko yafashe iyi ngingo kubera imyaka yiwe hamwe kandi n'amahame ya poritike: gushikiriza ubutegetsi urunganwe rushasha. "Ni ikibazo c'amahame nk'uko ari n'ukuri," niko yasiguye ico gihe, afata ko yari arangije igikorwa ciwe.

Nk'uko vyari mu ngingo ya 35 y'ibwirizwashingiro ryo mu 1963, Senghor, yabaye umukuru w'igihugu ca Sénégal wa mbere kuva cikukiye, yasubiriwe n'umushikiranganji wa mbere wa reta yiwe, Abdou Diouf bari basangiye umugambwe, Umugambwe w'Abasosiyalisti. Uno na we yarahiye ku wa 1 Nzero (1) 1981, maze inzego z'ubutegetsi zirabandanya.

Naho ico gihe abategetsi batari bake ba Afrika bama mu rwikekwe, Léopold Sédar Senghor yaraharaniye cane ihinduka ry'ubutegetsi mu mahoro kandi mu buryo bwiza, ata gisirikare kirinze kuvyinjiramwo canke ngo habanze kwaduka indyane zikomeye za poritike. Cabaye ikintu ca mbere ku mugabane wa Afrika wari waramunzwe n'ama coups d'Etat hamwe n'abakuru b'ibihugu bumira ku butegetsi ubuzima bwabo bwose.

Mw'ijambo ryiwe ryo gusezera, yasavye kubungabunga ubumwe bw'igihugu, kwubahiriza uburenganzira bwa muntu n'intwaro rusangi, anashimira abanyagihugu ba Sénégal ku cizere bamugiriye muri iyo myaka 20.

Inyuma y'imyaka 45, iyi ngingo iracari intambwe ikomeye muri poritike ya Sénégal n'icitegererezo cihariye muri kahise k'ihanahanwa ry'ubutegetsi muri Afrika.

Ahmadou Ahidjo (Cameroun)

"Banya-Cameroun, bene wacu nkunda cane. Nafashe ingingo yo gutanga imihoho mu mabanga yanje nk'Umukuru w'Igihugu ca Cameroun. Iyi ngingo izotangura ku wa gatandatu igenekerezo rya 6 Munyonyo (11) isaha zine z'igitondo".

Ku wa 4 Munyonyo 1982, Perezida Ahmadou Ahidjo wa Cameroun yatangaje ko atanze imihoho mw'ijambo ryiwe rigufi yashikirije igihugu ryacishijwe kw'iradiho y'igihugu, maze aba arangije intwaro yiwe yari imaze imyaka 22.

Muri iri jambo ritomoye yashikirije ku mugoroba, Ahmadou Ahidjo yavuze ko avuye mu mabanga yiwe kubera amagara, nk'uko vyari mw'ibwirizwashingiro ry'igihugu. Inyuma y'imisi ibiri, ku wa 6 Munyonyo, umushikiranganji wa mbere wiwe, Paul Biya, yaciye amusubirira nk'umukuru w'igihugu.

Uku gushikiriza ubutegetsi mu mahoro atagisirikare kibanje kuvyinjiramwo cabaye igihe kidasanzwe muri poritike ya Cameroun yari irongowe na Ahidjo kuva ironse intahe y'ukwikukira mu 1960. Cari ikintu kandi kidasanzwe kuri uno mugabane warangwa n'ama coups d'Etat n'ibisikanya ku butegetsi riciye mu nduru.

Nubwo yavuze ko imvo y'iyi ngingo yari amagara y'umukuru w'igihugu, benshi mu bihweza ibintu n'ibindi bihutiye kwerekana ko yari abitewe n'urusobe rw'ibibazo, harimwo ibiharuro vya poritike, ugukwegana amashati mu bantu bakuru bakuru bari ku butegetsi, hamwe n'igitsure yaterwa kubera yari amaze igihe kirekire ku butegetsi.

Mu mezi yakurikiye itangwa ry'imihoho ryiwe, imigenderanire hagati ya Ahmadou Ahidjo n'uwamusubiriye yaratitutse, haba ugucanamwo mu vya poritike, kwatumye uno yahoze ari umukuru w'igihugu ata agahunga. Iki gihe caranzwe n'icuka kibi gikomeye cahavuye kivamwo ukugerageza gutembagaza ubutegetsi muri Ndamukiza (4) 1984, abategetsi bakaba bayegetse ku banywanyi b'uno yahoze arongoye igihugu.

Itangwa ry'imihoho rya Ahmadou Ahidjo riracari ikintu kidasanzwe muri kahise ka Cameroun : uguhererekanya ubutegetsi mu mahoro mu ntango, ariko n'ubu igihugu kikaba kigihanzwe n'ingaruka za poritike.

Julius Nyerere (Tanzania)

Ku wa 5 Munyonyo(11) 1985, muri Tanzania, ni ho ibintu vyahinduka, igihe Umukuru w'igihugu Julius Nyerere yatanga imihoho ku gushaka inyuma y'imyaka 23 yari amaze arongoye iki gihugu, maze aba abaye umwe mu bakuru b'ibihugu ba mbere ba Afrika bavuye ku butegetsi ku gushaka kwabo.

Inyuma y'imyaka 23 yari amaze arongoye Tanzania, Perezida Julius Nyerere, n'ubu benshi bafata ko ari se w'igihugu (Baba wa Taifa), yatangaje bagenziwe, mu kumenyesha ko atanze imihoho.

Nk'uko vyari bimeze kuri ba Kwame Nkrumah wa Ghana canke Léopold Sédar Senghor wa Senegal, Julius Nyerere yafatwa nk'incabwenge yashira imbere ubwigenge bwa Afrika. Yabaye umwe mu bagize uruhara rukomeye mw'ishingwa ry'icitwa ihuriro vy'ibihugu ataho vyegamiye (mouvement des non-alignés) muri ca gihe c'intambara y'ukwikekana (guerre froide), ugushira hamwe Afrika n'Abanyafrika (panafricanisme), mu kurwanya ubukoloni no kurwanya intwaro y'ivangura muri Afrika y'Epfo, apartheid.

Mu 1967, mw'ijambo ryiwe rya Arusha, yatanguje icitwa Ujamaa, intwaro ya gisosiyalisti yubakiye ku muco wa Afrika, ishingiye ku gushira hamwe abanyagihugu mu bibano bitandukanye no gushira hamwe amatungo nyamukuru. Nubwo iyi poritike itashitse ku ntego yayo yari yitezwe mu vy'ubutunzi kandi ikaba yaraneguwe cane, yarafashishe mu kwubaka ubumwe bw'igihugu muri ico gihugu kigizwe n'amoko menshi.

Nk'umwe mu Banyafrika bashigikiye ibihugu vyarondera ukwikukira, Julius Nyerere yashikirije ubutegetsi icegera ciwe, Ali Hassan Mwinyi, nk'uko vyari mw'ibwirizwashingiro. Uyu na we yarongoye igihugu kuva mu 1985 gushika mu 1995. Ku ngoma yiwe, Tanzania yatanguje intwaro ishingiye ku migambwe myinshi, yatumye haba amatora ya mbere y'imigambwe myinshi mu 1995.

Amaze kuva ku ngoma mu 1985, Nyerere yamaze imyaka itanu ari we arongoye umugambwe Chama Cha Mapinduzi (CCM), imbere y'uko akura akarenge burundu muri poritike. Gushika igihe yapfa mu 1999, yagumye afise ijambo ryubashwe ku bibazo vya Afrika no ku rwego mpuzamakungu.

Uku gushikiriza ubutegetsi mu mahoro kwari gutandukanye cane n'ingendo y'ibihugu bitari bike vya Afrika, aho wasanga abakuru b'ibihugu bava ku ngoma mu nduru.

Joachim Chissano (Mozambique)

Joaquim Chissano yarongoye Mozambique kuva mu 1986 yavuye ku butegetsi ku gushaka kwiwe mu 2005, aho yafashe ingingo yo kutarondera ikiringo kigira gatatu, maze haba uguhererekanya ubutegetsi mu nzira ya demokarasi inyuma y'imyaka 18 yari amaze ku ngoma.

Chissano yavuye ku butegetsi ikiringo ciwe kirangiye, yubahiriza ibiringo vyari bitegekanijwe n'ibwirizwashingiro, maze aba umwe mu bakuru b'ibihugu bake ba Afrika banse kwiyongerereza ikiringo nk'umukuru w'igihugu nubwo yari abifitiye ububasha.

Joachim Chissano yashitse ku butegetsi mu 1986 inyuma y'urupfu rwa Samora Machel, arongora igihugu mu gihe gikomeye, caranzwe n'irangira ry'intambara yo hagati mu gihugu n'umuzo w'intwaro ishingiye ku migambwe myinshi. Ku ngoma yiwe, amasezerano y'amahoro y'i Roma mu 1992 yarangije intambara yo hagati mu gihugu yari imaze imyaka 16 hagati ya reta n'umuhari wayirwanya gisirikare, Renamo.

Igihe yatorwa mu matora ya mbere ashingiye ku migambwe myinshi mu 1994 hanyuma agasubira kwizigirwa mu 1999, Chissano yahisemwo kutitoreza ikiringo kigira gatatu, nubwo umugambwe wiwe, Front de libération du Mozambique (Frelimo), ari wo wari wiganje kandi ari wo ufise ububasha wahabwa n'ibwirizwsshingiro.

Mu 2005, yashikirije intwaro Armando Guebuza wo mu mugambwe Frelimo, mw'ihanahanwa ry'ubutegetsi mu mahoro ryari ryateguwe, ingingo yakomeje isura ya Mozambique nka kimwe mu bihugu bike vya Afrika vyabayemwo ihererekanwa ry'ubutegetsi ata ngorane zikomeye inyuma y'intambara yamaze imyaka myinshi.

Ku rwego rw'akarere na mpuzamakungu, Joachim Chissano afise icubahiro kidasaznwe mu kunywanisha, cane cane mu biganiro vy'amahoro muri Afrika y'ubumanuko na Afrika yo hagati. Inyuma yo kuva ku butegetsi, yarabandanije ibikorwa vyiwe mu muryango w'Ubumwe bwa Afrika no mu mashirahamwe mpuzamakungu atari make, bituma yongera kwubaka ishusho yiwe nk'umuntu yitangira cane kurondera amahoro mu gihe c'indyane.

Uku kuva ku butegetsi kwa Joachim Chissano ku gushaka, gushingiye ku kwubahiriza ibwirizwashingiro n'ingendo yo guhererekanya ubutegetsi mu nzira ya demokarasi, gushika n'ubu, imyaka 20 iraheze, kuguma ari ikimenyetso gikomeye muri kahise ka poritike ka Mozambike, kandi ni akarorero kadasanzwe kuri uno mugabane aho umwina wo kurondera gupfira ku butegetsi ukiri hejuru.

Thabo Mbeki (Afrika y'Epfo)

Inyuma yo gutorwa ubwa mbere mu 1999 agasubira gutorwa ubwa kabiri mu 2004, Thabo Mbeki, yabaye umukuru w'igihugu akagira n'ikibanza kidasanzwe mu mugambwe ANC mu ntwaro y'inyuma ya apartheid, hanyuma aza gutanga imihoho ku wa 21 Nyakanga (9) 2008, kubera igitsure yariko araterwa mu mugambwe wiwe warangwamwo indyane, Jacob Zuma nawe akaba yariko agira inguvu zidasanzwe muri uwo mugambwe.

Uku kurekura ubutegetsi igisirikare kitabigizemwo uruhara canke ngo habe imigumuko y'abanyagihugu cabaye ikintu kidasanzwe: ku ncuro ya mbere, umukuru w'igihugu vyabaye ngombwa ko ava ku butegetsi biciye mu mugambwe.

Thabo Mbeki yari yasubiriye Nelson Mandela afise intego yo gukomeza demokarasi nshasha no gusubiza iteka ico ghugu ku rwego mpuzamakungu. Ingingo yiwe yo gutanga imihoho yatewe n'indyane zikomeye mu mugambwe ANC, zagiye kwunyurwa n'ugucanamwo na Jacob Zuma, ico gihe yari umukuru w'umugambwe.

Ingingo yo gusaba Thabo Mbeki kuva ku butegetsi, yafashwe na komite nyobozi ya ANC inyuma y'icemezo c'ubutungane cerekanye ko hashobora kuba harimwo poritike mw'ikurikiranwa rya Jacob Zuma mu butungane. Naho ibi birego vyaje kuboneka ko bitari bifise ishingiro, vyatumye biba ngombwa ko Mbeki atanga imihoho imbere y'uko arangiza ikiringo ciwe.

Nk'uko ibwirizwashingiro rya Afrika y'Epfo ribitegekanya, umukuru w'igihugu mfatakibanza yabaye Kgalema Motlanthe gushika habaye amatora rusangi yo mu 2009 yatsinzwe na Jacob Zuma. Ubutegetsi bwahererekanywe ata ntureka canke ngo habe isenyurwa ry'inzego, ivyerekanye ko demokarasi ya Afrika y'Epfo ari urutare.

Si ukuvuga ko Thabo Mbeki yatanze imihoho kubera avyishakiye mu bisanzwe, ariko yabikoze kubera vyari ngombwa, biturutse ku cuka cari mu mugambwe. Ariko n'ubwo biri uko, kiguma ari ikintu kidasanzwe muri kahise ka Afrika y'Epfo, cerekana ububasha bw'umugambwe n'inzego z'igihugu mu mabanga y'umukuru w'igihugu muri Afrika y'Epfo y'inyuma ya apartheid.