Indebakure nshya yazanye ifoto ya mbere ya kure cyane mu mwijima wo mu isanzure

Indebakure (telescope) nshya iri mu gihugu cya Chile/Chili yasohoye amashusho yayo ya mbere, yerekana ubushobozi bwayo bwo kumurika mu mwijima wa kure cyane mu isanzure.

Ifoto imwe y'iyi ndebakure, yerekanaimyuka myinshi cyane y'amabara hamwe n'ibicu byinshi bisa n'umukungugu mu karere k'inyenyeri kari ku ntera ya 9,000 'light years' uvuye hano ku isi.

'Light years' ni igipimo cy'intera, 'light year' imwe ireshya na kilometero tiriyari 9.46. Ntabwo ari hano hafi!

Ikigo cy'iyi ndebakure cyitiriwe Vera C Rubin Umunyamerikakazi wari inzobere mu bushakashatsi ku isanzure, cyubatse ku gasongero k'umusozi muri Chile aho gifite 'camera' ya 'digital' irusha imbaraga izindi zose ku isi.

Iki kigo kizwi nka Vera C Rubin Observatory kiyemeje guhindura imyumvire yacu ku isanzure.

Niba hari umubumbe wa cyenda mu igaragiye izuba - n'uwacu urimo, abahanga muri siyanse bavuga ko iyi ndebakure nshya yahita iwubona mu mwaka wayo wa mbere.

Iyi ndebakure ishobora kubona bya bibuye biteye akaga igihe byagwa hano ku isi bizwi nka 'asteroids' bikiri kure cyane yacu. Ishobora kandi gutanga ishusho nyayo y'Inzira Nyamata (Milky Way galaxy).

Izasubiza kandi ibibazo bikomeye byibazwa ku kitwa 'dark matter' – ibinyabutabire by'amayobera biri mu isanzure ryacu bitabasha kubonwa, ibi bifatwa nk'aho ari byo bituma inyenyeri, imibumbe, imyuka, n'imikungugu biba hamwe mu nzira (galaxy) runaka.

Aya mashusho ya mbere y'iyi ndebakure ni intangiriro y'igikorwa cyo gufata amashusho kizamara imyaka 10, aho ifata amashusho nijoro.

Professor Catherine Heymans umuhanga mu by'isanzure wo mu Bwongereza ati: "Njyewe maze imyaka 25 nkora ngo tugere kuri ibi. Haciye imyaka za mirongo twubaka igikorwa nk'iki kugira ngo gikore ubu bushakashatsi."

Ubwongereza buzaba bufite 'data centres' zizafasha gusesengura amashusho manini cyane y'iyi ndebakure uko imboni yayo izajya itambuka ifotora buri kintu ibonye.

Vera Rubin ishobora gukuba inshuro 10 umubare w'ibintu bizwi mu karere kacu k'imibumbe igaragiye inyenyeri y'izuba.

BBC yasuye iki kigo cya Vera Rubin mbere y'uko gisohora amafoto yacyo ya mbere.

Cyubatse ku musozi witwa Cerro Pachón uri mu ruhererekane rw'imisozi miremire ya Andes iriho izindi ndebakure nyinshi z'abigenga na bo bakora ubushakashatsi ku isanzure.

Aha hantu ni hejuru cyane, harumagaye cyane, kandi hakunda kuba hijimye. Haberanye neza no kureba inyenyeri.

Iyi ndebakure itangira akazi kayo bwije aho ikirere cyijimye kurushaho gufasha 'camera' yayo kwitegereza kure cyane mu rumuri rw'inyenyeri, nk'uko umwe mu bayikoresha Elana Urbach abivuga.

Imwe mu ntego z'ibanze z'iyi ndebakure, nkuko Elana abivuga, ni "ukumva amateka y'isanzure" bisobanuye kubasha kubona inzira [galaxies) zazimye cyangwa uguturika guhambaye kwagiye kubaho "mu myaka za miliyari ishize".

Ati: "Rero dukeneye ishusho igaragara cyane".

Ibyo ibigerahoikoresheje uburyo indorerwamo zayo eshatu zubatse. Urumuri rwinjira muri iyi ndebakure ruvuye mu kirere cya nijoro, rugakubita mu ndorerwamo ya mbere (ifite umurambararo 'diameter' wa 8.4m), rugahita rwerekaza ku ndorerwamo ya kabiri(3.4m) maze rukajya ku ndorerwamo ya gatatu (4.8m) mbere y'uko rwinjira muri camera y'iyi ndebakure.

Izi ndorerwamo zigomba guhora zimeze kandi zisa neza, kuko n'agakungugu gatoya cyane gashobora guhindura ishusho y'ifoto.

Uko guhererekanya urumuri vuba vuba bituma iyi ndebakure ifata urumuri rwinshi, urwo inzobere Guillem Megias yo kuri iki kigo ivuga ko ari "ingenzi cyane" mu kubona ibintu "bya kure cyane, ibyo ubuhanga mu isanzure busobanura ko ari ibyo mu gihe cya cyera cyane".

Camera iri muri iyi ndebakure izajya ikomeza gufotora ikirere cya nijoro mu gihe cy'imyaka 10, ibikore buri minsi itatu, mu bushakashatsi bwiswe 'Legacy Survey of Space and Time'.

Iyi camera ireshya na metero 1.65 kuri metero 3, ipima 2,800kg kandi itanga ishusho ngari y'aho ireba.

Izajya ifata ifoto imwe buri masegonda 40, ikore amasaha hagati ya 8 na 12 nijoro aho icometse ku cyuma kigenda kiyihindukiza kuri iyi ndebakure.

Iyi camera ifite megapixels 3,200 (inshuro 67 kurusha camera ya iPhone 16), ituma ifata ishusho icyeye cyane ku buryo ishobora gufotora ikerekana neza nk'agapira ka 'golf' kari ku Kwezi, gusa bigasaba 'screen/ecran' ya 400 Ultra HD TV kugira ngo ifoto yayo igaragare.

Guillem Megias ati: "Ubu twabonye ifoto ya mbere, byari ikintu kidasanzwe.

"Ubwo natangiraga gukora kuri uyu mushinga, nahuye n'umuntu wawukoragaho kuva mu 1996, [kandi] navutse mu 1997. Bituma wumva ko iki ari ikintu cyifujwe cyane n'ibiragano by'abahanga mu isanzure."

Ubushakashatsi bw'iyi ndebakure buzareba ingingo enye:

Ariko imbaraga zayo ziri mu guhozaho. Izagenzura izo ngingo zose inshuro nyinshi, kandi buri uko ibonye impinduka, izajya ihita ibwira abahanga.

Prof Catherine Heymans ati: "Igice cy'uko iziga ku bintu bihinduka n'ibitambuka [mu isanzure] ni gishya kandi kirihariye…Hari amahirwe yo kutwereka ikintu tutigeze dutekereza mbere".

Gusa, ishobora no gufasha mu kuturinda ibintu biteye akaga bijya bica hafi y'isi, birimo 'asteroids' nka YR4 abahanga babanje gutinya ko mu ntangiriro z'uyu mwaka yari mu nzira zo kwihonda kuri uyu mubumbe wacu.

Indorerwamo nini cyane z'iriya camera zizafasha abahanga kubona ibyahoze ari urumuri byazimye zinakurikirane uko byagiye binyanyagira mu isanzure.

Professor Alis Deason wo muri Durham University ati: "Izahindura ibintu. Izaba ikintu kiduha amakuru menshi cyane ku Inzira(galaxy) yacu. Izaba ingenzi ku byo dukora imyaka, n'imyaka."

Prof Alis azakira amafoto kugira ngo asesengure imyaka inyenyeri ziri mu Inzira Nyamata (Milky Galaxy) yacu zimaze.

Kugeza ubu amakuru ariho menshi y'izi nyenyeri ni ay'iziri mu ntera ya 163,000 'light years', ariko Vera Rubin ishobora kureba kugera muri 'light-years' miliyoni 1.2.

Prof Deason kandi yizeye ko izareba mu gice kizwi nka 'stella halo', cyangwa se irimbi ry'inyenyeri zashwanyaguritse uko igihe cyagiye gitambuka, hamwe n'izindi nzira (galaxies) ntoya zikirimo guhanyanyaza ariko zazimye kandi zigoye kubona.

Mu buryo bwitezwe cyane, Vera Rubin ifite ubushobozi buhagije byitezwe ko amaherezo buzashyira umucyo ku iyobera ry'uko haba hari Umubumbe wa Cyenda mu ruhererekane rw'igaragiye izuba n'uwacu urimo.

Icyo kintu gishobora kuba kiri ku ntera inshuro700 y'intera iri hagati y'Isi n'Izuba, kure cyane aho izindi ndebakure zitageza imboni.

Prof Catherine Heymans ati: "Bizadufata igihe kirekire kumva neza uko iyi ndebakure nziza nshya ikora. Ariko nanjye nditeguye".