Impanuka z'indege zoba ziriko ziyongera?

Bamwe mu bakoresha imbuga hwaniro bamaze igihe berekana ko impanuka z'indege ziriko ziraba nyinshi, inyuma y'urukurikirane rw'iziheruka zikomeye.

Ku wa 29 Kigarama (12) 2024, abantu 179 barapfiriye mw'isanganya ry'indege y'ikompanyi Jeju Air yo muri Korea y'Epfo igihe yariko irururuka muri ico gihugu.

Haciye ukwezi, kajugujugu ya gisirikare hamwe n'indege yunguruza abantu zaragonganye i Washington, DC, muri Reta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika, abantu 67 barahasiga ubuzima.

Ubu bwa vuba, indege y'ikompanyi Air India yo mu Buhindi yarakorotse inyuma y'akanya gato ihagurutse i Ahmedabad muri ico gihugu nyene, abantu 261 bari muri yo barahasiga ubuzima kiretse umwe rudende.

Nubwo amatohoza kuri iki kibazo ari make, umwihwezo wakozwe n'ikinyamakuru Associated Press muri Ruhuhuma (2) werekana ko amashusho atangaje y'impanuka ahanahanwa ku mbuga ngurukanabumenyi yagize ingaruka kanaka ku cizere bamwe bamwe bafitiye ingendo zo mu ndege muri Amerika.

Ariko BBC Verify, igisata ca BBC kijejwe guhinyuza inkuru zivugwa, yarihweje ibiharuro vyo muri Amerika no kw'isi yose, isanga ahubwo mu myaka 20 iheze amasanganya y'indege yagiye agabanuka.

Kuri Amerika, ibiharuro vy'impanuka z'indege vyegeranijwe n'urwego rw'igihugu rujejwe umutekano mu bikorwa vyo kwunguruza abantu n'ibintu (National Transportation Safety Board, NTSB) gushika mu mpera za Nzero (1) uno mwaka.

Ibi biharuro vya NTSB vyerekana igabanuka ry'impanuka z'indege muri Amerika muri rusangi kuva mu 2005 gushika 2024 nubwo ingendo z'indege ziyongereye biboneka muri iki kiringo. Vyerekana kandi ko igitigiri co muri Nzero 2025 (52) kiri hasi ugereranije n'ico mu mwaka uheze (58) hamwe n'ico muri Nzero nyene 2023 (70).

Ibiharuro vyo mw'ishami rya ONU, International Civil Aviation Organisation (ICAO), rikurikiranira hagufi ibishika mu ngendo z'indege kw'isi yose vyerekana ko igitigiri c'impanuka zabaye kw'isi yose ku muriyoni w'indege ziguruka cagiye kigabanuka cane hagati ya 2005 na 2023.

Insiguro z'impanuka z'indege nk'uko itangwa na ICAO iragutse cane kandi ntiraba gusa izipfiramwo canke zikomerekeramwo cane ingenzi canke abakora mu ndege, inashiramwo n'ibindi bishika ugasanga indege irononekaye igakenera gukorwa, canke ikazimira.

Ibitigiri vy'abahitanwa n'impanuka z'indege kw'isi yose na vyo nyene vyerekana ko vyagabanutse muri ico kiringo nyene, nubwo hari imyaka imw'imwe vyaduze bikaboneka nk'ibiza bikomeye vyo mu kirere.

Mu 2014, amasanganya abiri nk'aya yaratumye ibi bitigiri biduga cane.

Muri Ntwarante (3), indege MH370 y'ikompanyi Malaysian Airlines yarazimiye mu gihe yariko iva i Kuala Lumpur (umugwa mukuru wa Malaisie) ija i Pékin/Beijing itwaye abantu 239.

Muri Mukakaro (7), iyindi ndege y'ikompanyi Malaysian Airlines nyene, MH17, yarakorotse irashwe n'igisasu ca misire cahinguwe n'Uburusiya mu kirere c'ubuseruko bwa Ukraine, abantu bababa 300 bahasiga ubuzima.

Prof Sir David Spiegelhalter yahoze yigisha kuri kaminuza ya Cambridge yabwiye BBC Verify ko ibintu nk'ibi bishobora gutuma ibiharuro biduga bukwi na bukwi kandi cane.

Ati: "Ni wibanda ku guharura abapfa aho guharura impanuka, isanganya rimwe gusa rikomeye rirashobora gutuma ibiharuro bihinduka cane, kandi bikagira ingaruka nini cane".

Ku vyerekeye uru rukurikirane rw'impanuka zikomeye zabaye mu mezi make aheze, Ismo Aaltonen, yahoze ari umushakashatsi mukuru ku bijanye n'ivyago bishikira indege muri Finland yabwiye BBC Verify ko ano masanganya aterekana ko umutekano w'indege wagabanutse.

Ati: "Ni igihamana kibi kubona twarabaye mu gihe nk'iki c'amasanganya nk'aya atandukanye, ariko abantu ntibakwiye guca bafata imyanzuro bafatiye kuri ibi kuko ni ibibazo bitandukanye cane".

Avuga ko bimwe mu bibazo vyabaye mu mezi make aheze bitaboneka ko vyari ibintu bishobora gushika, aha agafatira ku ndege y'ikompanyi Azerbaijan Airlines yakorotse muri Kazakhstan muri Kigarama irashwe n'igisasu ca misire c'Uburusiya kirasa indege.

Marco Chan, yahoze ari umudereva w'indege akaba n'umwigisha kuri kaminuza Buckinghamshire New University, yabwiye BBC Verify ko abantu batera bamenya kurusha ivyago bishikira indege kubera "impanuka zigenda zitangazwa ku mbuga hwaniro ku rugero runini".

Videwo izunguruka kuri TikTok - yakuwe muri filime ya Superman – yerekana intwari iriko ibuza indege gukorokera mu kibuga. Amajambo aherekeza aya mashusho agira ati: "Pete Buttigieg buri musi inyuma y'imyaka ine iheze, ugereranije n'ibintu biriko biraba".

Iyi videwo yakwiragijwe irondera kwerekana ko ibiza vy'indege vyiyongereye kuva uno yahoze ari umushikiranganji wo kwunguruza abantu n'ibintu wa Amerika avuye mu mabanga muri Nzero.

Urukurikirane rw'ivyashikiye indege za Boeing 737 Max mu myaka iheze na vyo nyene vyarakurikiraniwe hagufi mu binyamakuru no ku mbuga hwaniro, cane cane inyuma y'aho urugi w'indege imwe ruturikiye iri mu kirere muri Nzero 2024.

Impungenge kuri ibi hamwe no ku bindi bitari bike vyatumye ingenzi zimwe zimwe ziheba indege z'ikompanyi Boeing, ivyatumye umutungo wayo ugabanuka.

Abahinga babwiye BBC Verify ko abategetsi bakora amatohoza yimbitse ku bibazo nk'ibi hamwe n'amasanganya akomakomeye. Ibiva muri aya matohoza kuri izi mpanuka bica bikoreshwa mu nyigisho n'imyimenyerezo y'abadereva b'indege kugira ngo bashobore kwitegurira ibintu nk'ivyo muri kazoza.

Ismo Aaltonen ati: "Uravye ibikoresho vyo kwigana indege uno musi, ukungene biteye imbere, ni nk'indege nyazo. Biratandukanye cane n'igihe natangura gutwara indege haraciye imyaka irenga 40".

Abagenzuzi barashobora kandi gufatira ibihano abarenga ku mabwirizwa ajanye n'umutekano, birimwo ihadabu, guhagarikirwa vy'agateganyo impusha no guhagarikirwa ibikorwa. Amakompanyi y'indege na yo nyene arashobora kubuzwa gukorera mu bihugu bimwe bimwe iyo adakurikiza ingingo ngenderwako z'umutekano

Naho hari ibibazo vyinshi biherutse kuba, gushika ubu ingendo z'indege ni zo za mbere zitekanye kuruta izindi zose.

Mu masanganya yose y'ingendo yahitanye abantu mu 2022 muri Amerika, ayarenga 95% ni ayabereye mu mabarabara, nk'uko vyerekanwa n'ibiharuro vya nyuma bitangwa n'ubushikiranganji bwa Amerika bujejwe kwunguruza abantu n'ibintu. Ayari musi ya 1% ni yo afitaniye isano n'ingendo zo mu kirere.

Hanyuma kandi uravye ibiharuro vy'abapfuye ufatiye ku ntera z'ingendo zabo, usanga ingendo zo mu kirere ari zo zifise umutekano mwinshi kurusha izindi.

Mu 2022, hapfuye ingenzi 0.001 ku birometero birenga ibihumbi 160 vy'ingendo z'indege, ugereranije na 0.54 bapfiriye mu modoka zunguruza abantu, nk'uko biri mu biharuro vya vuba cane bitangwa n'ishirahamwe National Safety Council (NSC), ridaharanira inyungu z'amafaranga.

NSC irihweza kandi n'urugero rw'abantu bashobora gupfa muri Amerika bitewe n'ubwoko butandukanye bw'amasanganya n'ingwara.

Mu gihe ivyago vyo gushobora gupfa biturutse ku masanganya atandukanye mu ngendo z'imodoka mu mabarabara vyari hejuru, ivyago vyo gupfira mu mpanuka y'indege vyaboneka ko ari bike cane ku buryo vyari bigoye guharura.

Ni vyo ko mu bihugu bimwe bimwe amabarabara ari mabi cane gusumba mu bindi.

Ishami rya ONU rijejwe amagara y'abantu kw'isi, OMS/WHO, rirerekana urugero rw'impfu ziterwa n'amasanganya y'imodoka mu mabarabara mu bihugu vyo kw'isi yose rishingiye ku biharuro vyo kuva mu 2021.

Ryasanze ibihugu bifise ibitigiri binini vy'abantu bapfa bahitanywe n'impanuka z'imodoka mu mabarabara ari Guinée (abantu 37.4 bapfa ku bantu 100.000), Libya (34.0), hamwe na Haïti (31.3).

Ariko ata kuraba ngo uba aha canke hariya, impanuro ya Ismo Aaltonen ku ngenzi iratomoye.

Agira ati: "Ube maso mu rugendo rwawe rugushikana ku kibuga c'indege. Ico ni co gice kibi cane ugereranije n'ic'urugendo nyarwo rw'indege".