Hamas: Ni ibiki byabaye ku bayobozi bakuru bayo?

Kuva umutwe wa Hamas uteye amajyepfo ya Israel ku wa 07 Ukwakira (10) 2023, abategetsi bawo bakomeye bagiye bicwa, ibyabaye ikibazo gikomeye kuri uyu mutwe.

Ibi ni ibyagiye biba ku bategetsi bo ku rwego rwo hejuru ba Hamas:

Yahya Sinwar

Yahya Sinwar ni we wateguye igitero cyo ku wa 7 Ukwakira, aho abantu 1200 bishwe abandi 251 bagashimutwa bakajyanwa muri Gaza. Kuva icyo gihe yari mu bantu bahigwa cyane na Israel.

Sinwar yari akuriye Hamas muri Gaza, ariko akaba yarafashe ubuyobozi bwose bwa Hamas kuva Ismail Haniyeh yiciwe i Tehran muri Irani mu kwa karindwi uyu mwaka.

Sinwar yavukiye muri Gaza mu 1962, yinjiye muri Hamas akiri muto. Ni we washinze ishami rya Hamas rishinzwe iperereza rizwi nka al-Majd, ari na ryo rishinzwe ibibazo umutekano hagati muri Gaza, rigakora iperereza ku bikekwa ko ari ba maneko ba Israel, kandi rikanahiga abakozi b'iperereza n’inzego z’umutekano ba Israel.

Israel yari imaze gufunga Sinwar incuro eshatu. Igihe yafungwaga ubwa gatatu mu 1988 yakatiwe gufungwa ubuzima bwe bwose.

Hagati aho, yari mu Banyapalestina n’Abarabu ba Israel 1027 barekuwe na Israel kugira ngo nayo ihabwe umusirikare wari umaze imyaka itanu ufunzwe na Hamas.

Amaze kurekurwa, Sinwar yasubiye mu mwanya we nk’umutegetsi ukomye muri Hamas atorwa gutegeka uyu mutwe muri Gaza mu 2017.

Mu 2015, Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika zaahyize Sinwar ku rutonde rw’abantu bakora "iterabwoba mpuzamahanga".

Sinwar yishwe n’ingabo za Israel muri Rafah ku wa 16 Ukwakira (10) 2024.

Ismail Haniyeh

Ismail Haniyeh yafatwaga nk'umuyobozi mukuru wa Hamas kugeza igihe uyu mutwe wemeje ko yapfiriye muri Irani ku ya 31 z'ukwa karindwi 2024.

Nk'umunyamuryango ukomeye w’umutwe wa Hamas mu mpera ya za 80 (1980), Isiraheli yafunze Haniyeh imyaka itatu mu 1989 ubwo hatangiraga imyivumbagatanyo ya mbere y’Abanyapalesitine kuri Isiraheli.

Nyuma yajyanywe mu buhunzi mu 1992 ku butaka butagira nyirabwo ku mupaka wa Isiraheli na Libani, hamwe n’abayobozi benshi ba Hamas.

Amaze umwaka mu buhungiro, yaje gusubira i Gaza. Mu 1997 yagizwe umuyobozi w’ibiro by’umuyobozi mukuru mu bijyanye n'idini w'umutwe wa Hamas, gutyo arushaho gukomera.

Haniyeh yagizwe minisitiri w’intebe w'ubuyobozi bw'Abanyapalesitine mu 2006 na Perezida Mahmoud Abbas, nyuma yaho Hamas yegukanye intebe nyinshi mu matora ku rwego rw’igihugu, ariko yirukanwa nyuma y'umwaka umwe Hamas imaze kwirukana ishyaka rya Fatah rya Bwana Abbas mu ntara ya Gaza mu gihe cy'icyumweru kimwe cy’urugomo rwinshi rwahitanye abantu.

Haniyeh yanze iyirukanwa rye avuga ko ritakurikije itegekonshinga, ashimangira ko guverinoma ye itazareka inshingano zayo "mu rwego rw’igihugu zo kurengera Abanyapalesitine", maze akomeza gutegeka i Gaza.

Yatorewe kuba umuyobozi w'ibiro bya politiki bya Hamas mu 2017.

Muri 2018, minisiteri y’ububanyi n’amahanga ya Amerika yavuze ko Haniyeh ari umuntu ukora iterabwoba. Yari amaze imyaka myinshi aba muri Qatar.

Mohammed Deif

Muri iki cyumweru, igisirikare cya Isiraheli cyavuze ko cyamaze kwemeza ko uyu mukuru wa gisirikare wa Hamas Mohammed Deif yiciwe mu gitero cya Isiraheli cyo mu kirere muri Gaza cyo mu kwezi gushize.

Igisirikare cya Isiraheli cyavuze ko cyarashe Deif mu gitero ku gipangu cyo mu gace ka Khan Younis ku itariki ya 13 Nyakanga (7) uyu mwaka. Hamas ntiremeza urupfu rwe.

Mbere yuko Isiraheli ivuga ko yamwishe, Mohammed Deif yari ayoboye ishami rya gisirikare rya Hamas rizwi ku izina rya Izz al-Din al-Qassam Brigades.

Abategetsi ba Isiraheli baramufunze mu 1989, nyuma ashinga ishami ry'abarwanyi yise al-Qassam rigamije gufata abasirikare ba Isiraheli.

Amaze kurekurwa, yagize uruhare mu gikorwa cyo kubaka imiyoboro yo munsi y'ubutaka yatumye abarwanyi ba Hamas binjira muri Isiraheli bavuye muri Gaza.

Deif ni umwe mu bagabo bashakishwaga cyane na Isiraheli, akaba ashinjwa gutegura no kuyobora ibikorwa byo gutega ibisasu muri bisi byahitanye Abanya Isiraheli babarirwa muri mirongo mu mwaka wa 1996, no kugira uruhare mu ifatwa no kwica abasirikare batatu ba Isiraheli hagati mu myaka ya za 90 (1990).

Isiraheli yamufunze mu mwaka wa 2000, ariko atoroka igihe hatangiraga imyivumbagatanyo ya kabiri y'Abanyapalesitine kuri Isiraheli, izwi ku izina rya Intifada.

Kuva icyo gihe, ntiyajyaga aboneka. Hariho amafoto ye atatu azwi: imwe ni iya kera, iya kabiri yipfutse mu maso, naho iya gatatu urebye ni igicucu cye gusa.

Igikorwa gikomeye cyo kugerageza kumwica cyabaye mu 2002. Deif yararokotse ariko ahatakariza ijisho rimwe. Isiraheli ivuga ko yatakaje n'ikirenge n'ikiganza, kandi ko afite ikibazo cyo kuvuga.

Inzego z'umutekano za Isiraheli zongeye kunanirwa kwica Deif mu gitero cyagabwe mu ntara ya Gaza mu 2014, ariko zica umugore we na babiri mu bana be.

Marwan Issa

Hamas ntabwo yigeze yemeza amakuru ko Marwan Issa, umuyobozi mukuru wungirije w'ishami rya gisirikare rya Hamas ryitwa Izz al-Din al-Qassam, yiciwe mu gitero cy’indege cya Isiraheli mu kwezi kwa gatatu 2024, nk'uko byatangajwe na White House, ibiro bya perezida wa Amerika.

Uyu muyobozi wo hejuru mu bya gisirikare abonwa na benshi nk'inkoramutima ya Deif.

Mbere y'amakuru y'urupfu rwe, yari ku rutonde rw'abantu Isiraheli ishakisha cyane kandi yarakomeretse igihe Isiraheli yageragezaga kumwica mu 2006.

Ingabo za Isiraheli zamufunze imyaka itanu mu gihe cy'imyivumbagatanyo ya mbere izwi nka Intifada kubera ibikorwa bye muri Hamas.

Ubuyobozi bw'Abanyapalesitine bwamutaye muri yombi mu 1997 ariko aza kurekurwa nyuma ya Intifada ya kabiri mu 2000.

Indege z'intambara za Isiraheli zasenye inzu ye inshuro ebyiri mu bitero byazo kuri Gaza mu 2014 no mu 2021, maze zica umuvandimwe we.

Ntabwo isura ye yari izwi mbere y'umwaka wa 2011 igihe yabonekaga ku ifoto irimo abantu benshi yafashwe igihe harimo hanahanwa imfungwa.

Bivugwa ko yagize uruhare rukomeye mu gutegura ibitero kuri Isiraheli birimo ibiheruka kuba.

Khaled Meshaal

Khaled Meshaal yavukiye mu ntara ya Sisijorudaniya (Cisjordanie/West Bank) mu mwaka wa 1956 kandi afatwa nk'umwe mu bashinze umutwe wa Hamas.

Ku mategeko akomeye yatanzwe na Minisitiri w'intebe wa Isiraheli Benjamin Netanyahu, urwego rushinzwe iperereza ryo mu mahanga rwa Isiraheli, Mossad, rwagerageje kwica Meshaal mu 1997 igihe yabaga muri Yorudaniya (Jordan).

Abakozi ba Mossad binjiye muri Yorudaniya ku mpapuro z'inzira (pasiporo) z'impimbano za Canada, maze batera Meshaal urushinge rurimo uburozi igihe yari mu nzira agenda.

Abategetsi ba Yorudaniya bavumbuye uwo mugambi wo kugerageza kumwica, maze bata muri yombi abakozi babiri ba Mossad.

Nyakwigendera Umwami Hussein wa Yorudaniya yasabye minisitiri w'intebe wa Isiraheli umuti wo kuvura Meshaal uburozi yari yahawe. Kubera igitutu yocyejwe n'uwari Perezida wa Amerika icyo gihe, Bill Clinton, Bwana Netanyahu uwo muti yarawutanze nyuma yo kubanza kwanga kubikora.

Meshaal, utuye muri Qatar, yasuye bwa mbere intara ya Gaza mu 2012. Yakiriwe n'abategetsi b'Abanyapalesitine n'imbaga y'Abanyapalesitine bari baje kumwakira.

Hamas yatoye Ismail Haniyeh mu 2017 kugira ngo asimbure Meshaal ku buyobozi bwa biro ya politiki ya Hamas, maze Meshaal aba umukuru w'ishami ry'ibyo biro rikorera mu mahanga.

Mahmoud Zahar

Mahmoud Zahar yavukiye muri Gaza mu 1945 ku Munyapalesitine n'Umunyamisirikazi. Afatwa nk'umwe mu bayobozi bakomeye ba Hamas.

Yize amashuri ye muri Gaza no muri kaminuza i Cairo, maze akora akazi k'ubuganga muri Gaza no mu mujyi wa Khan Younis wo muri Gaza, kugeza igihe abategetsi ba Isiraheli bamwirukaniye ku kazi kubera imyumvire ye ya politiki.

Mahmoud Zahar yafungiwe mu magereza yo muri Isiraheli mu 1988, hashize amezi macye hashinzwe umutwe wa Hamas. Yari mu bantu Isiraheli yohereje kuba mu karere katagira nyirako ku mupaka mu 1992, aho yamaze umwaka.

Igihe Hamas yatsindaga amatora y'Abanyapalesitine mu 2006, Zahar yagiye gukorera muri minisiteri y'ububanyi n'amahanga muri leta nshya Minisitiri w'intebe Ismail Haniyeh yari amaze gushinga, mbere yuko ikurwaho.

Isiraheli yagerageje kumwica mu 2003 igihe indege yasukaga igisasu ku nzu ye mu mujyi wa Gaza. Iki gitero cyamusigiye ibikomere bidakaze ariko cyica umuhungu we mukuru, Khaled.

Umuhungu we wa kabiri, Hossam, wari uri mu ishami rya gisirikare rya Hamas ryitwa al-Qassam, yiciwe mu gitero kuri Gaza cy'indege z'intambara za Isiraheli mu 2008.