E-waste: Barondera ubuzima mu guturira TV zaheze: Urudandazwa rw'imyanda y'ubumara

Ubona umwotsi ufumba mu kirere hejuru y’ikibanza c’iyarara ca Agbogbloshie, ukiri kure cane.

Umwuka uri ahantu hanini cane, mu burengero bw'umurwa mukuru wa Ghana Accra, urimwo ubumara bwinshi bikabije. Uko wegera, ni ko bitera bigora guhema ndetse no kubona neza.

Hafi y’ibi vyotsi harimwo abagabo benshi, barindiriye ibimodokari bipakurura ibirundo vy’intsinga imbere yo kuziturira. Abandi baduga ibirundo vy’ubumara, aharunze ibisigarira vy’ivyahoze ari ibikoresho vyo mu mazu, bakamanura ivyahoze ari ibikoresho vyo mu nzu nka tereviziyo, mudasobwa n’ibice vy’imashini zo kumesa hanyuma bakabiturira.

Abo bagabo bariko bakuramwo ivyuma vy'agaciro nk'umuringa n’inzahabu mu myanda y'ibikoreshwa mu muyagankuba (electricity) canke mu bikoresho vyo mu nzu vyatswa n'umuyagankuba (electronics) umwanda wose muri rusangi uzwi nka e-waste. Ivyinshi muri ivyo vyuma vyashitse muri Ghana biturutse mu bihugu bikize.

Umukozi akiri muto Abdulla Yakubu agira ati: "Simeze neza." Amaso yiwe aratukura kandi afise amosozi aho ariko araturira intsinga na plastike.

Ati: "Umwuka nk'uko mubibona, waratosekaye cane kandi mbwirizwa gukora hano buri munsi, ivyo nta kabuza bigira ingaruka ku magara yacu."

Abiba Alhassan, umuvyeyi w'abana bane, akora hafi y’ahantu ho guturirira iyo micafu, aho atoragura amacupa ya plasitike yakoreshejwe, kandi umwotsi w’ubumara na we nyene ntushobora kumubabarira.

Agira ati: "Rimwe na rimwe, biragoye cane guhumeka, hari igihe mba numva igikaraza canje kiremereye kandi numva ntamerewe neza".

Icegeranyo c’ishirahamwe mpuzamakungu ONU ku myanda yo mu bikoresho biteye imbere canke e-waste, itera yiyongera cane kw’isi, aho mu 2022 habonetse toni 62 z’iyo myanda, n’ukuvuga ko yiyongereyeko ibice 82% guhera mu 2010.

Ni ikoreshwa ry’ivya electronic mu buzima bwacu bwa minsi yose, riri inyuma y’iri duga ry’umwanda ubikomokako, guhera kuri za terefone ngendanwa, mudasobwa hamwe n’ibikoresho bindi nka bene ivyo bishirwa mu modokari, ivyo dukenera bikomeje kwiyongera.

Icegeranyo c’ishami rya ONU gishinzwe ubucuruzi n’iterambere c’uyu mwaka, kivuga ko kurungika ibidandazwa vya terefone buri mwaka vyiyongereye incuro zirenga zibiri kuva mu 2010, nk’akarorero terefone zo mu bwoko bwa smartphone zikuvye kabiri, aho zageze kuri miliyari 1,2 mu 2023.

N’ikintu gikunze gufatwa muri magendu

Ishirahamwe mpuzamakungu ONU rivuga ko hafi 15% vy'imyanda ya e-waste kw’isi ari vyo vyonyene bishobora gusubirwamwo bigatunganywa neza kugirango bisubire gukoreshwa.

Bityo amashirahamwe atubahiriza amategeko afata iyo myanda aba yishinganishije gutunganya (recycling) akayipakira akaja kuyipakurura ahandi, akenshi abicishije ku baguzi bishira hagati y’aho ivuye n’aho ijanwa noneho bagacuruza iyo myanda hanze y’igihugu.

Imyanda nk’iyi iragoye kuyitunganya kubera ibiyigize bigoye birimo n’ubumara / uburozi, ivyuma, plastike n’ibintu bidashobora gutandukana vyoroshe kugirango babone kubitunganya.

Ndetse no mu bihugu vyateye imbere nta buryo bafise buhagije bwo gutunganya neza no gushingura imyanda yose.

Abahinga ba ONU bavuga ko babona urugero rw’icuruzwa ry’imyanda ituruka mu bikoresho bigezweho e-waste rukomeza kuduga, ituruka mu bihugu vyateye imbere canke biri ku muvuduko munini kurusha ibindi mw’iterambere. Ishirahamwe rigenga ihanahana ry’ibidandazwa kw’isi, ryasanze ubu umwanda wa e-waste ari co kintu gikunze gufatwa kuruta ibindi kw’isi mu micafu ijanwa nk’ibidandazwa, aho e-waste ifatwa iri ku rugero rwa 6%.

Abategetsi bo ku cambu ca Naples co mu Butaliyano beretse BBC uburyo abadandaza batatanze ivya ngombwa vyose vyerekana ivyo bajabukanye icambu c’abatozakori kandi bagahisha imyanda y’ibisigarira vy’ivyo bikoresho biteye imbere ya e-waste, bavuga ko igize ibice 30%. Abo bategetsi beretse abanyamakuru ishusho (scan) ya conteneri, irimwo imodokari yari ipakiwe ijanwa mu gihugu co muri Afrika, ariko imbere mu modokari na ho hapakiye imyanda bahishe.

Berekanye scan ya konteneri yerekeza muri Afrika, yitwaje imodoka. Ariko igihe abayobozi b'icambu bafungura konteneri, ibice vy'imodoka vyavunitse hamwe na e-waste vyashizwe imbere, igizwe n’ibimeneke vy’ibipande vy’imodokari, harimwo n’amavuta aviriranamwo imbere.

Uwujejwe amatohoza mu biro bijejwe kurwanya magendu mu bihugu vya Bulaya -European Anti-Fraud Office (Olaf), akorana n’abayobozi b’ivyambu mu Burayi, agira ati: “Ntawupakira ibidandazwa vyiwe ubwite nk’uku, ivyinshi muri vyo biri mu ntumbero yo gutabwa.”

Amayeri akomeye yo kujabukana magendu

Mu Bwongereza, abayobozi bavuga ko bakomeza no kubona e-waste icuruzwa

Ku cambu ca Felixstowe, Ben Ryder, umuvugizi w’ikigo gishinzwe ibidukikije mu Bwongereza, yavuze ko ibintu vy’imyanda vyakunze kwandikishwa ku vyambu bitoza amakori nk’ibikoresho bigifise agaciro bigiye kunagurwa no gukoreshwa, ariko vyagera iyo bija bigakurwamwo ivyuma vya nkenerwa, ahasigaye ibimanyu vyavyo bigaturirwa iyo bigeze mu bihugu nka Ghana.

Abajabukana iyo myanda ya e-waste bakunda kandi gukoresha uburyo bwo kubisya bigacika ubunywenywe bashobora gutekera bakanyegeza mu bindi bikoresho bashobora kuronkera impapuro zo kubijabukana mu mahanga, nk’uko Ben Ryder abivuga.

Icegeranyo ca ONU cabanje mbere, cashikirijwe n’ikigo kijejwe ibiro vyegeranya amakori n'amatagisi, cerekana ko imodokari zigeze gutabwa zijabukanwa mu bihugu bikene ziyongeye ibice 700% - ibi bikaba ari inkomoko niniya cane y’imyanda ya e-waste.

Ariko abahinga bavuga ko ibintu nk’ivyo bifatwa bikanamenyeshwa usanga ari nk’ima rimwe ry'agatonyanga mu ruzi

Ariko n’aho ata cigwa kirakorwa mu buryo bwuzuye gikwirikirana imyanda yose ya e-waste ijanwa ikurwa mu bihugu bitunze, icegeranyo ca ONU kigaragaza ibihugu vyo mu bumanuko bushira ubuseruko bwa Aziya ko bikiri itahiriro nyamukuru ry’iyo myanda.

Ariko kubera bimwe muri ivyo bihugu vyahagurukiye ico kibazo c’urudandazwa rw’imyanda, abakoze amatohoza b’abahinga ba ONU n’abakora ubuvugizi batangaza ko imyinshi muri iyo myanda ya e-waste itahirira mu bihugu vyo ku mugabane wa Afrika.

Muri Maleziya (Malaysia), abategetsi bafashe amakonteneri 106 y’imyanda mibi cane ya e-waste ishobora kubangamira amagara y’abantu hagati y’ukwezi kwa Rusama (5) na Ruheshi (6) uyu mwaka wa 2024, nk’uko bimenyeshwa na Masood Karimipour aserukira ibiro vya ONU bijejwe kurwanya ibiyayuramutwe n’ibindi vyaha mu karere k’ubumanuko bwa Aziya na Pasifike.

Abahinga ba ONU bavuga kandi ko abacuruza akenshi barusha abategetsi amayeri mashasha ya magendu kandi leta na zo ntizikurikire ibintu vuba bihagije iyo bihindutse.

Bwana Karimapour yagize ati: "Iyo amato atwara imyanda iteje akaga nka e-waste adashobora kuyipakurura vyoroshe mu bibanza bisanzwe, aca azimya itara iyo ageze hagati na hagati mw’ibahari kugirango ntamenyekane."

Yongerako ati: “Kandi ibirungikwa mu buryo butemewe n’amategeko, hari ivyo basesa mu mazi y’ ibahari mu nzira yo kugaragaza ibikorwa vy’ubugizi bwa nabi kandi bwateguwe.

Ati: "Hariho imigwi myinshi cane ndetse n'ibihugu vyinshi cane vyungukira muri iki gisenge c’igikorwa c'abagizi ba nabi kw’isi."

Ubumara /uburozi buteye impungenge

Icegeranyo giheruka c’ishami ry’ishirahamwe mpuzamakungu ONU rijejwe amagara y’abantu WHO/OMS, kigaragaza ko imyanda ya e-waste yaturiwe canke igatabwa, plastike n’ivyuma, bishobora guhungabanya amagara y'abantu kandi bikagira ingaruka mbi ku bidukikije.

OMS ivuga ko ibihugu vyinshi vyakira iyo myanda bibona abantu badafise ubumenyi bukwiye bagerageza kuyivyaza umusaruro, ahenshi bakaba ari abana n’abagore batazi uko babitunganya kandi bataba bafise ivya ngombwa vyo kwikingira ingaruka zo gukora muri iyo myanda y’ubumara, n’uburyo canke ibibanza bibereye vyo gusobanura iyo myanda bavanamwo ivyo akamaro, bigatandukanywa n’uwundi mwanda n’ibifise ubumara, gutyo bakaba bari mu vyago vyo guhura n’ingaruka za bene ubwo bumara nka plomb/ lead.

Ishami rya ONU ryitaho akazi OIT hamwe na OMS bigereranya ko abagore n’abana baharurwa mu ma miliyoni bakora mu buryo budahuye n’amategeko muri ico gisata co gutunganya imyanda bibagirako ingaruka.

Ayo mashami ya ONU avuga kandi ko iyo umwana akiri mu nda y’umuvyeyi agiye hafi y’ubwo bumara buturuka mu myanda mu gihe yibungeze, canke umwana akiri muto, bishobora kugira ingaruka ku buryo akura atera imbere mu bwenge bwiwe n’inyifato yiwe.

Kuva mu kwezi kwa mbere umwaka uza wa 2025, amasezerano ya Basel azosaba abarungika iyo micafu ko babwirizwa guhabwa uruhusha n’ibihugu babitwaramwo, kandi bagatangaza imyanda ya e-waste yose bajanye muri ivyo bihugu, bakaba banabironkeye impapuro. Abashinzwe amatohoza kuri vyo, bafise icizere ko ibi bizofunga bimwe mu bice vy’amayira y’ibinywabi abatwara iyo myanda bikikamwo mu kuvana e-waste bava mu bihugu baja mu bindi hirya no hino kw’isi.

Ariko rero hari ibihugu bimwe bimwe - bikomeye vyikura iyo myanda ya e-waste bikayirungika mu mahanga kandi Amasezerano ya Basel - imwe mu mpamvu abakora ubuvugizi kuri ubu bucuruzi bavuga ko gucuruza imyanda bibandanya.

Umuyobozi mukuru wa Basel Action Network, ishirahamwe riharanira guhagarika ubucuruzi bw’uburozi harimwo na e-waste, Jim Puckett yagize ati: "Mu gihe dutanguye kubihasha, ubu Amerika irungika imyanda myinshi mu makamyo ajabuka umupaka yerekeza muri Mexico."

Tugarutse ku kibanza ca Agbogbloshie muri Ghana, ibintu bigenda vyiyongera umunsi ku munsi.

Abiba avuga ko akoresha hafi ica kabiri c'amafaranga yinjiza mu kurondera ivyomugirira akamaro akuye muri iyo myanda, ku miti kugira ngo akemure ibibazo bituruka ku gukorera aho yajugunywe.

Ati: “Ariko ndacari hano kuko ubu ni bwo buryo bwanje bwo kubaho ndetse n'ubwo umuryango wanje.”

Ikigo gishinzwe kwinjiza amakori n’amatagisi muri Ghana n’ubushikiranganji bw’ibidukikije ntibigeze basubiza ivyifuzo vyinshi vyabasaba kugira ico bavuze kuri ibi bibazo bifatiye kukwinjiza imyanda.