Bashar al-Assad: Likitan ido da ya zama ɗan kama-karya a Syria

Akwai abubuwa da dama masu muhimmanci da suka faru a rayuwar shugaba Bashar al-Assad, amma da alama mafi girma daga cikinsu shi ne hatsarin motar da ya faru a wuri mai nisan dubban kilomitoci daga inda yake.

Tun asali Assad bai taso a matsayin wanda ake tunanin zai gaji mahaifinsa a harkar shugabanci ba.

Batun gadon shugabanci ya gitto cikin tsarin rayuwarsa ne bayan hatsarin motar da yayansa, Bassel, ya samu a kusa da birnin Damascus a farko-farkon shekarar 1994.

A wancan lokacin Bashar na karatun likitan ido ne a birnin Landan da ke Birtaniya.

Bayan rasuwar Bassel, sai aka fara shirya ƙaninsa domin ya zamo wanda zai gaji mulkin Syria.

Sai ga shi daga baya ya zamo shugaban da a lokacinsa ne Syria ta faɗa cikin wani mummunan yaƙin basasa wanda ya haifar da asarar dubban ɗaruruwan mutane da kuma tarwatsa miliyoyi.

To amma ta yaya Bashar al-Assad ya sauya daga likita zuwa ɗan kama-karya wanda ake zargi da aikata laifukan yaƙi?

Gadon mahaifinsa

Bashar al-Assad wanda aka haifa a shekarar 1965, ɗa ne ga Hafez al-Assad da Anisa Makhlouf.

Haihuwarsa ya zo a daidai wani lokaci mai muhimmanci ga yankin Larabawa.

Lokacin da kishin yankin ke ƙaruwa tsakanin al'umma, lamarin da ya mamaye harkokin siyasa a ƙasashe daban-daban na yankin, ciki har da Syria.

A wannan lokacin jam'iyyar Ba'ath ta ƙwace iko daga hannun ƴan haɗin gwiwa na Masar da Syria - wadda ba ta daɗe kan mulki ba - inda jam'iyyar ta riƙa yaɗa manufar kishin Larabawa.

Kamar da dama cikin ƙasashen Larabawa a wancan lokaci, ita ma Syria ba ta bin tsarin dimokuraɗiyya kuma ba ta yin zaɓuka bisa tsari na jam'iyyu masu yawa.

Assad da iyalansa sun fito ne daga ƙabilar Alawite, waɗanda suka kasance na baya-baya a Syria, waɗanda ƙangin tattalin arziƙi ya tursasa wa da dama daga cikin ƴan ƙabilar shiga aikin soja a ƙasar.

Hafez al-Assad ya yi suna a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin fitattun sojoji waɗanda ke goyon bayan jam'iyyar Ba'ath, inda a shekarar 1966 aka naɗa shi ministan tsaro.

Daga baya Hafez al-Assad ya samu zama shugaban ƙasa a shekarar 1971, matsayin da ya riƙe har zuwa mutuwarsa a shekarar 2000.

Wannan daɗewa da ya yi kan mulki, babban lamari ne a ƙasar ta Syria wadda ta fuskanci juyin mulki da dama tun bayan samun ƴancin kai.

Ya yi mulki na kama-karya, ya murƙushe ƴan adawa tare da yin adawa da duk wani zaɓe bisa tsarin dimokuraɗiyya.

Sai dai ya kasance mai azama ta ɓangaren alaƙa da ƙasashen duniya, inda ya yi ƙawance da Tarayyar Soviet sannan kuma ya shiga cikin ƙawancen dakarun da Amurka ke goya wa baya a lokacin yaƙin yankin Gulf.

Karatun likita a Landan

Tun farko Bashar ya ɗauki wata turba ce ta daban, ba siyasa ba, ba kuma aikin soja ba. Ya yanke shawarar karantar aikin likita.

Bayan ya kammala karatunsa a Jami’ar Damascus, ya koma Birtaniya a shekarar 1992 domin ƙwarewa a ɓangaren ido a asibitin Western Eye Hospital da ke Landan.

Wani rahoto na musamman da BBC ta hada a 2018 mai taken ‘A Dangerous Dynasty: The Assads’, Bashar ya riƙa sheƙe ayarsa a Landan.

Ya kasance mai son mawaƙin nan na Birtaniya, Phil Collins kuma ya rungumi al’adu irin na turawa.

A birnin na Landan ne ma Bashar al-Assad ya haɗu da matar da ya aura, Asma al-Alhras.

A wancan lokacin Asma tana karatun ilimin kwamfuta ne a jami’ar Kings College da ke Landan, wadda daga baya ta samu shiga jami’ar Harvard domin yin digiri na biyu a ilimin kasuwanci.

Kasancewar shi ne yaro namiji na biyu a wurin mahaifinsu, yayan Bashir, wato Bassel shi ne wanda ya fi suna kuma ake ganin shi ne zai gaji mulkin mahaifinsu.

To amma mutuwar Bassel a watan Janairun 1994 ya sauya rayuwar Bashar.

Nan take aka kira shi ya koma gida domin fara shirya shi a matsayin shugaban Syria na gaba.

Daga nan ne Bashar ya shiga aikin soja tare da fara nuna kansa ga al’umma a ƙoƙarin shi na samun karɓuwa a matsayin shugaban ƙasar na gaba.

Sauyin alƙibla

Hafez al-Assad ya rasu ne a shekarar 2000, inda nan take aka naɗa Basar mai shekara 34 a duniya a matsayin sabon shugaban kasa bayan an sauya kundin tsarin mulkin kasar ta hanyar rage mafi karancin shekarun zama shugaban kasa daga 40.

Bashar ya sha ranstuwar kama aiki a shekarar 2000 tare da kawo sabon tsarin tafiyar da mulki. Ya ce za a yi aikin gwamnati a bayyane, ya kuma kawo batun dimokuradiyya da ci gaban kasa da kuma zamanantarwa, sannan ya ce za a yi adalci.

Watanni kadan bayan zama shugaban kasa, Bashar ya auri matarsa Asma al-Akhras. Sun kuma haifi yara uku: Hafez, Zein da Karim.

Da farko, alkawurran Bashar a kan sauya tsarin siyasa da inganta ‘yancin kafafen yada labarai ya haifar da kyakkyawar fata a tsakanin al’umma.

Tsarin shugabancinsa da kuma kasancewar matarsa Asma wadda ta yi karatu a kasashen Turai ya zami tamkar wani sabon tsarin rayuwa ne aka shiga a kasar.

A shekarun farko an samu ‘yancin yin muhawara kan al’amuran kasa wanda aka yi wa take farfadowar Damascus, to amma ya zuwa shekarar 2001 sai jami’an taaro suka koma halayyrsu ta kama ‘yan adawa masu suka gwamnati.

Yayin da Bashar ya fito da wasu tsare-tsare tattalin arziki wadanda suka bunkasa bangaren masu zuba jari masu zaman kansu, wannan ya taimaka wajen daukakar kasuwancin dan’uwansa Makhlouf. Makhlouf ya zamo hamshakin attajirin dan kasuwa wanda masu suka suka yi zargin an taimaka masa ta amfani da karfin mulki.

Iraq da Lebanon

Yakin Iraq na 2003 ya haifar da tabarbarewar dangantaka tsakanin Bashar al-Assad da gwamnatocin Yamma. Shugaban na Syria ya yi adawa da manayen Amurka a Iraqi, wanda wasu suka alakanta hakanda da cewa yana tsoron cewa Amurkar za ta fada Syria ne idan ta gama da Iraqi.

A nata bangaren, Amurka ta zargi Syria da kyale yantawaye masu adawa da mamayen da take yi a Iraqi na safarar makamai zuwa cikin Iraqin, tare kuma da barinsu suna tsallakawa ta kan iyakar kasashen biyu.

A shekarar 2004, Amurka ta kakaba wa Syria takunkumi bisa kafa hujja da dalilai da dama, baya ga abubuwan da suka shafi yakin Iraqi har ma da kasancewar Syria a Lebanon.

A watan Fabarairun 2005 aka kashe tsohon firaiministan Lebanon, Rafik Hariri, wanda daya ne daga cikin manyan masu sukar kasancewar Syria a Lebanon.

Nan take aka zargi Syria da hannu a lamarin. Sai dai duk da haka Assad da kungiyar Hezbolah sun ci gaba da musanta hannu a ciki, duk kuwa da cewa wata kotun duniya ta kama wani dan Hezbollah da hannu a kisan cikin shekarar 2000.

Boren kasashen Larabawa

A farkon shekaru 10 na mulkin Abashar al-Assad, dangantakar Syria da Iran ya kara kargi, haka nan ma dangantakarta da Qatar da Turkiyya, sai dai daga baya dangantakar ta yi tsami.

Alakarsa da Saudiyya kuma ta rika rawa, duk da cewa daga farko Saudiyya ta bai wa al-Assad din goyon baya.

Za a iya cewa ya bi sawun mahaifinsa a bangaren hulda da kasashen waje, ta hanyar yin taka-tsan-tsan da kuma kauce wa fito-na-fito.

Sai dai ana cikin haka ne wani mai sayar da kayan marmari a Tunisia, Mohamed Bouazizi ya banka wa kansa wuta bayan wata jami’ar ’yansanda ta koda masa mari, lamarin da ya haifar da boren da ya tuntsurar da gwamnatin shugaba Zine El Abidine Ben Ali.

Wannan bore ya karade kasashen Labrabawa, kamar Masar da Libya da Yemen da Bahrain har ya karasa Syria.

Ya zuwa watan Maris zanga-zanga ta barke a birnin Damascus, ta yadu zuwa Daraa bayan an kama wasu yara wadanda suka rubuta kalaman adawa da shugaba Assad.

Sai bayan maki biyu kafin shugaban na Syria ya yi wa al’ummarsa jawabi.

A majalisa kuma ya yi jawabi inda ya yi alkawarin murkushe abin da ya kira ‘kullliyar’ da ake shirya kan Syria, duk kuwa da cewa ya amince cewa al’umma na da gaskiya kan wasu korafe-korafen da suka yi.

Cikin watanni kadan, boren ya kazance zuwa fito na fito tsakanin dakarun gwamnati da bangaren adawa wadanda su ma suka dauki makamai a fadin kasar.

Sa hannun kasashen ketare da ayyukan kungiyoyin jihadi

Yayin da abin ya kazance, Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta yi kiyasin cewa mutanen da ke rasa ransu sun tashi daga gommai zuwa daruruwa zuwa dubbai sa’ilin da aka fara samun tsoma hannun kasashen ketare a lamarin.

Rasha da Iran da wasu kungiyoyin da Iran ke tallafa mawa sun rika taimaka wa dakarun gwamnati da ke karkashin shugaba Assad, yayin da Turkiyya da wasu kasashen yankin Gulf suka rika taimaka wa ‘yan tawaye.

Duk da cewa boren ya fara ne a matsayin na adawa da gwamnatin Assad da kuma kiraye-kirayen tabbatar da dimokuradiyya da ‘yancin dan’adam, ba da jimawa ba ya rikide zuwa na kabilanci, inda wasu ‘yan adawa suka zargi gwamnati da nuna cewa ta fi son ‘yan kabilar Alawite a kan ‘yan Sunni wadanda su ne masu rinjaye a kasar.

Nan da nan abubuwa suka sauya, rarrabuwar kai ta fadada. Kungiyoyin ‘yan bindiga suka rika goyon bayan Sunni tare da sukar Alawite, yayin da kungiyoyin ‘yan shi’a ‘yan bindiga wadanda ke biyayya ga Iran, wadanda ke karkashin jagorancin Hezbollah suka kwarara zuwa cikin Syria domin taimaka wa gwamnatin Assad a rikicin.

Ganin haka ne kungiyar IS wadda ke ayyukanta a Iraqi mai makwaftaka ta yi amfanin da damar wajen kafa sansani a Syria, inda ta ayyana iko da wani yanki na Syria tare da ayyana birnin Raqqa a matsayin babban birninta.

A watan Agustan 2013 wani harin sinadari mai guba ya kashe daruruwan mutane a Gabashin Ghouta, wani yanki da ke karkashin jagorancin ‘yan adawa a kusa da birnin Damascus.

Kasashen Yamma da ‘yan adawa sun dora alhakin hakan kan gwamnatin Assad.

Ya zuwa 2015, gwamnatin shugaba Assad ta kusa durkushewa bayan ta rasa iko da yankuna da dama na kasar. To amma agajin soja daga Rasha ya sauya lamurra, inda Assad ya sake kwace wasu yankunan.

Yakin Gaza

Tsakanin 2018 da 202, yarjeniyoyi da aka cimma a ciki da wajen yankin ya bai wa dakarun gwamnati nasarar iko da yankuna da dama na kasar, yayin da sauran kungiyoyin ‘yan bindiga da na Kurdawa suka rike iki da arewaci da arewa maso gabashin kasar.

Wannan ya sake karfafa gwamnatin Assad sannan ta ba shi damar komawa cikin fagen diflomasiyya na yankin.

Sai dai kwatsam a watan Oktoban 2023 Hamas ta kai wani harin ban-mamaki kan Isra’ila, lamarin da ya haifar da barkewar yaki a Gaza, wanda illarsa ya kwarara zuwa cikin Lebanon, kuma ya shafi kungiyar Hezbollah mai alaka da Assad.

Rikicin ya yi wa Hezbollah gagarumar illa, ciki har da kisan shugabanta Hassan Nasrallah.

A daidai ranar da aka cimma yarjejeniyar tsagaita wuta a Lebanon, ‘yan tawayen Syria karkashin jagorancin kungiyar Hayat Tahrir al-Sham (HTS) suka kaddamar da wani hari mai ban mamaki, inda nan take suka kwace iko da Aleppo, birni na biyu mafi girma a Syria.

Kungiyar ta ci gaba da mamaya cikin sauri tamkar wutar daji, inda ta karbe iko da birnin Hama da ma wasu da dama, yayin da yankin kudancin kasar ya kubuce daga ikon gwamnati.

Assad ya shiga cikin mummunan yanayi yayin da manyan kawayensa irin ran da Rasha suka gaza kai dauki.