Rasha da China da Turkiyya na son yin kane-kane a Afirka bayan ficewar Faransa

Kasancewar sojojin Faransa a Afirka na tsawon shekaru na da tarihi a cikin mulkin mallakar da ƙasar ta yi, da kuma yarjejeniyar tsaron da aka ƙulla bayan samun ƴancin kan ƙasashen da Faransa ta yi wa mulkin mallaka.

Daga ayyukan yaƙi da ta'addanci a yankin Sahel da kuma ayyukan tabbatar da zaman lafiya a tsakiyar Afirka, dakarun Faransa sun taka muhimmiyar rawa a fannin tsaron Afirka.

Sai dai kasancewar tasu a yankin ya gamu da cikas a baya bayannan, wanda ya kai ga rage shi cikin sauri tun daga shekarar 2022, kuma ba a son ran Faransar ba.

Wannan nazari da BBC ta yi ya bankado dalilan da ya janyo raguwar sojojin Faransa da raguwar tasirinsu a fannin diflomasiyya.

Nazarin ya kuma duba ƙaruwar tasirin da ake samu daga wasu ƙasashe masu ƙarfin faɗa a ji masu neman wurin zama a Afirka.

Bayan ƙasashen Afirka da dama sun sami ƴancin kai a shekarun 1960, Faransa ta ci gaba da amfani da sansanoninta na soji inda ta jibge dubban sojoji a faɗin nahiyar, musamman a ƙasashen da ta yi wa mulkin mallaka.

A wani lokaci, Faransa ta aika sojoji akalla 10,000 faɗin Afirka, amma sun fi mayar da hankali a yankin sahel ƙarƙashin shirin yaƙi da ƴan ta'addanci na Operation Barkhane wanda ya biyo bayan Operation Serval da akayi a Mali a 2013.

Shirin yaƙi da ta'addanci na Barkhan ya fi faɗaɗa inda ya haɗa da Chadi da Mali da Nijar da kuma Burkina Faso.

Faransa ta yi masa laƙabi da tsaron haɗin gwiwa, wato taimakawa ƙasashen Afirka yaƙi da ƴan tawaye masu iƙirarin jihadi, da rikicin siyasa da kuma barazanar kan iyakoki.

An kuma kira ayyukan da Faransa ke yi a Chadi da Cote d'Ivoire da Jamhuriyar tsakiyar Afirka a matsayin ayyukan samar da zaman lafiya.

Sai dai ƙasashen Afirka da dama waɗanda ke amfani da harshen Faransanci na ganin ci gaba da kasancewar sojojin Faransa da ma sa hannunsu a fannin siyasa da tsaro a matsayin ''mulkin mallaka a kai-kaice'', wanda ya kai ga yanayin bacin rai.

A tsakiyar shekarun 2010, an soma bincikar kasancewar Faransa a ƙasashen Afirka a lokacin da aka gane cewa ayyukan yaƙi da ƴan ta'adda, musamman a Mali da Nijar da Burkina Faso ya yi tsada kuma ba ya samar da sakamakon da ake buƙata.

Duk da nasarorin da aka ɗan samua baya, mayaƙan sun sake haɗewa tare da faɗaɗa ayyukansu.

Ƙasashen da ke yankin Sahel sun ci gaba da fusata a lokacin da adadin fararen hula da aka kashe ya ke karuwa, hakazalika juyin mulkin sojoji ya sha ƙarfin ribar da ake samu daga dimokraɗiyya.

Ayyukan sojojin Faransa a Mali, wanda aka ƙaddamar a 2013, ya sami goyon bayan ƙasashen duniya da dama.

Sai dai bayan wani lokaci, ya gaza samar da zaman lafiya mai ɗorewa. Gwamnatin sojin Mali da ta hamɓarar da shugaba Ibrahim Boubacar Keita ta buƙaci ficewar dakarun Faransa. Wannan ya bayyana samun babbar ɓaraka a fanni soji da ma a zahiri.

Jim kaɗan bayan nan Burkina Faso ta biyo sahu a Janairun 2023.

Hakan ya sake faruwa kuma inda a Yulin 2023, gwamnatin mulkin soji a Nijar ta umurci sojojin Faransa su fice.

A watan Nuwamban 2024 ma, ƙasar Chadi ta buƙaci sojojin Faransa su fice daga ƙasar.

Har ila yau a cikin watan na Nuwamba, rahotanni sun tabbatar cewa sojojin Faransa za su janye daga Senegal.

Cote d'Ivoire ma ta biyo baya a watan Disamba inda ta ce zata kulle dukannin sansanonin sojojin Faransa a lokacin da Faransa ke tsaka da shan suka daga ƙasashen Sahel.

Matakin da Chadi ta ɗauka ya janyo hankali sosai saboda ta kasance cibiyar aikin yaƙi da ta'addanci na Barkhane a Afirka.

Janyewar na daga cikin manyan sauye sauyen da ake samu a yankin.

Ƙasashen Afirka, musamman waɗanda ke ƙarƙashin mulkin soji, na buƙatar tabbatar da ƴancin kai tare da yin watsi da abin da suka bayyana a matsayin ''fin ƙarfi'' da Faransa ke yi.

A Faransa ma, ana ta samun ƙaruwar ra'ayoyin jama'a kan kwashe lokaci mai tsawo da kuma tsadar ayyukan sojin Faransa a yankin Sahel.

Yawan kuɗaɗen da ake kashewa, da ƙaruwa waɗanda ake hallakawa, haɗi da rashin samun biyan buƙata da sa a cikin gida ma aka daina goyon bayan ayyukan soji a Afirka.

Ƙasashen duniya da dama ƙawayen Faransa sun nuna shakku kan ayyukan da Faransa ke yi ita kaɗai.

A yayin da Faransa ke bayyana kanta a matsayin abokiyar yaƙi da ta'addanci, Tarayyar Turai na ta buƙatar a yi aikin haɗin gwiwa wanda kuma ƙasashen Afirkan ne za su kasance jagorori.

Ja da baya a fannin diflomasiyya

A gefe guda ƙasashen duniya da suke goggaya da Faransa sun soma ƙara ayyukansu a Afirka.

Ƙawancen fanni tsaro da Rasha, sai fannin bunkasa kasuwanci da tattalin arziƙi da China, sai kuma ayyukan fannin diflomasiyya da tsaro da ala'du da Turkiyya ke yi sun samar wa ƙasashen Afirka sabbin damarmaki.

Ja baya a fannin diflomasiyya na Faransa ya zo a dai-dai lokacin da sojojinta ke ficewa.

A wasu ƙasashen kamar Mali da Nijar da Burkina Faso, ba wai kawai korar sojojin Faransa shugabanni mulkin sojin suka yi ba, sun kuma taƙaita ayyukan kafafen yaɗa labaransu, sun kuma rage hulɗarsu ta diflomasiyya.

An kuma kawo ƙarshen yarjejeniyoyin tsaro da na ayyukan ci gaba da aka daɗe da ƙullawa.

An rufe ofishin jakadancin Faransa a Nijar a watan Disamban 2023 bayan shafe watanni ana zaman tankiya tsakaninsu da gwamnatin sojin.

A watan Afrilun 2023 ma, an rufe ofishin jakadanci Faransa a Khartoum bayan fara yaƙin basasa a Sudan.

Hakazalika an sami raguwa ko katse hulɗar dimokraɗiyya a Malawi da Saliyo da wasu ƙasashen.

Waɗannan matakai sun bayyana wani gagarumin sauyi a yadda Faransa ke kallon Afirka da kuma martanin da ƙasashen Afirka ke ɗauka kan Faransa.

An sami karuwar zanga-zangar ƙin jinin Faransa a Mali da Nijar da Burkina Faso.

Masu zanga zangar na buƙatar a kawo ƙarshen abin da su ke yiwa kallon mulkin mallaka a kai-kaice.

Wasu shirye-shiryen kafafen sada zumunta waɗanda ake zargin shafukan Rasha da Turkiyya na goyon baya ko kuma suna yayatawa, sun taimaka wajen yaɗa labarai kan ƙin jinin Faransa.

Sai dai wannan rashin gamsuwa bai tsaya kan ƙasashen da Faransa ta yiwa mulkin mallaka ba.

Rashin farin jinin Faransa da kuma kiraye kirayen samun ƴancin kan Afirka ya sa Faransa ta kasa ƙulla alaƙar diflomasiyya da wasu ƙasashen da ba ita tayi musu mulkin mallaka ba.

Matasa a Afirka, waɗanda kafafen sadarwa ke ƙara wa ƙarfin gwiwa na ci gaba da tofa albarkacin bakinsu game da batutuwan nuna ƙin jinin Faransa.

A lokacin da Faransa ke ja baya, sabbin ƙasashen na ƙara yin gaba.

Ƙungiyar Wagner ta Rasha na ci gaba da kasancewa muhimman masu taimakawa a fannin tsaro a Mali da Nijar da jamhuriyar tsakiyar Afirka. Su kuma shugabannin sojin ƙasar sun ba su damar haƙara ma'adinai da kafafen yaɗa labarai wanda ke ƙara ƙarfin tasirin Rasha.

Turkiyya, duk da ba ta cika shiga harkokin nuna karfin soji ba, ta na zuwa ƙasashen ne a matsayin mai bayar da tallafi.

Ta kafu ne a ƙusurwar Afirka, musamman Somalia. Ta sanya kanta a matsayin abokiyar haɗin gwiwa da ke tallafawa a fannin samar da ababen more rayuwa, da kuma horar da sojoji.

Turkiyya ta kuma samar da jirage marasa matuƙa na soji ga Sudan da Habasha da Kenya da ma wasu ƙasashen.

A gefe guda kuma China na ci gaba da zurfafa alaƙar kasuwanci da Afirka. Duk da dai bata mayar da hankali sosai a tsaro ba, ƙarfin ikon China a fannin arziƙi da tasirin diflomasiyya ya ƙara mata farin jini a ƙasashen Afirka masu yawa.

A yayin da Faransa ke fama da raguwar tasiri da kuma ƙaruwar samun gasa daga wasu ƙasashe, ƙasar ta soma waiwayar dabarunta. Shugaba Macron ya yi kiran sake dabaru wanda ya ta'allaƙa ga mutuntawa da haɗaka da kuma shugabancin Afirka.

Ga Faransa, sake samun amincewa da kuma sake yin tasiri na buƙatar ɗaukar ƙwararan matakai ba wai soki-burutsu ba, kuma yana buƙatar haɗin gwiwa ne da mutuntawa.

Ƙasashen da dama masu amfani da harshen Faransanci na ji kamar Faransa na cin mutuncin su da wulaƙanta su, musamman ƙarƙashin Macron.

Rasha da China da Turkiyya ba wai kawai masu amfani da damar da suka samu sakamakon rashin farin jinin Faransa ba ne, suna samar da wasu damarmaki da ke daɗaɗawa ƙasashen Afirka waɗanda ke fama da takaicin hulda da ƙasashen yamma.

Sai dai abin takaici, wadannan damarmaki na nufin wasu gwamnatocin a Afirka za su iya yi watsi da dimokraɗiyya kuma su sami goyon baya daga waɗannan ƙasashe masu gasa.