Kubera iki ubwonko bwa Lenine bwacagaguwemwo uduhimba 30.000 ?

Inyuma y’urupfu rw’uwatanguje icahoze citwa Reta Zunze Ubumwe z’Abasoviyeti (URSS/USSR) ubu kitakiriho, Vladimir Ilitch Oulianov, azwi kw’izina rya Lénine, muri Nzero (1) 1924, bamwe mu baganga bamuvura basavye ko bamukuramwo ubwonko kugira ngo babwige.

Mu myaka ijana iheze, intumbero y’aba bahinga be n’incuti zabo muri poritike yari iyo kumenya ahava ico bafata ko ari "ubwenge bw’ikirenga" bwa Lénine.

Iki ciyumviro carashigikiwe n’ubutegetsi bw’Abasoviyeti bwaciye bushiraho ikigo co gukora ubu bushakashatsi.

None inyuma y’ikinjana cose ubwonko bwa Lenine buri he, hanyuma ivyavuye muri ubu bushakashatsi biri he?

Mu kwishura kuri ibi bibazo, BBC Mundo, igisata ca BBC gikoresha ururimi rw’iki-esupanyole (espagnol/spanish) yavuganye n’abahinga mu vya kahise hamwe n’abahinga mu bijanye no kubaga imitwe bakurikiranye iki kibazo.

Umuhinga yagoberewe

Umunyamerika Paul Roderick Gregory, umuhinga muri kahise, avuga ko akahise k’ubwonko bwa Lenine gatanguzwa n’iciyumviro cahawe Politburo (komite nkuru y’umugambwe w’Abakomunista mu ntwaro y’Abasoviyeti itakibaho) gitanzwe n’umushikiranganji w’amagara y’abantu, Nikolai Semashko, hamwe n’umwishikira kwa Lenine, Ivan Tovstukha, aho basaba "gutwara hanze" iki gice c’umubiri i Berlin (mu Budagi) kugira cigweko".

Uno muhinga yanditse igitabo Lenin's Brain and Other Tales from the Secret Soviet (twogereranya na Ubwonko bwa Lenine n’Ibindi Binyegezwa Bivugwa ku Basoviyeti), asigura ko igihe uno mutegetsi apfa, Uburusiya butari bufise abahinga mu bijanye n’ubwonko.

Abategetsi b’Abasoviyeti basavye rero umuganga w’Umudagi Oskar Vogt (1870-1959) kwiga igi gihimba c’umubiri cashinguwe mu muti witwa formol (umuti w’amazimazi ukoreshwa mu kwica udukoko no mu kubika ibintu kugira ntivyononekare ) inyuma y’uko bakikumuyemwo igihe bariko bariga ingene yapfuye.

Vogt, umuhinga karuhariwe mu bijanye n’ubwonko, yashinze yongera arongora ikigo c’ubushakashatsi ku bwonko bw’umwami w’abami (Institut de recherche sur le cerveau de l'Empereur Guillaume), ubu kikaba citwa Société Max Planck, ishirahamwe rikomeye cane rihurikiyemwo ibigo vy’Ubudagi vyinshi vy’ubuhinga.

José Ramón Alonso, umwigisha mu bijanye n’imero y’ubwonko n’ingene bukora (Neurobiology) kw’ishure kaminuza ya Salamanque (muri Espagne), yabwiye BBC Mundo ati: "Ubudagi ni bwo bwari bufise abahinga beza mu bijanyena siyanse [science] ico gihe kandi ni bwo bwari bufise ubushimwe bwinshi bwitiriwe Nobel".

Uno muhinga yize kuri iki kibazo mu gitabo ciwe Historia del Cerebro ("Kahise k’Ubwonko"), avuga ati: "Nubwo Vogt yari yabanje kwanka kwemera iki gikorwa, reta y’Ubudagi yaramuhatiye kwemera. Ico gihe, Ubudagi bwashaka kugumana umubano mwiza na URSS, kugira ngo bushobore guhangana, bwihetse kuri iki gihugu, n’ibihano vyo kudahingura ibirwanisho bwari bwafatiwe inyuma y’intambara ya mbere y’isi yose".

Hagati aho, umugambi wo gushikana ubwonko bwa Lenine i Berlin ntiwakunze.

Gregory wo ku kigo Hoover Institute c’ishure kaminuza ya Stanford muri Reta zunze Ubumwe za Amerika, avuga ati: "Staline ntiyakunda ko hari umunyamahanga yari kwinjira muri iki gikorwa kuko atari gushobora kumukurikirana".

Nk’iforomaji itobaguye

Nubwo igice kimwe c’ubutegetsi bw’Abasoviyeti cavyanse, Vogt yahavuye atumirwa kugira aje muri ubu bushakashatsi hanyuma akaba yahavuye ahabwa agahimba gatoya mu duhimba 30.953 ubwonko bwa nyakwigendera bwari bwagabanijwemwo, agahimba yabashije gutahana mu Budagi kugira ngo akigeko.

Mu kwishura, Moscou yaciye isaba uno muhinga w’Umudagi kwigisha abaganga b’Abarusiya ibijanye n’ubuhinga ku bwonko no kurōngōra ishingwa ry’ikigo c’Uburusiya cigisha ibijanye n’ubwonko (ubu kikaba ari ishure kaminuza ry’Uburusiya ry’ubuvuzi).

Hagati aho, haciye imyaka, ukutumvikana hagati ya Vogt n’ubutegetsi bw’Abanazi, uretse ko kwatumye atakaza ubuzi bwiwe mu Budagi, kwahaye kandi Staline icitwazo co kumwirukana, nk’uko uno muhinga w’Umuyamerika mu vya kahise abivuga.

Amakenga y’Abasoviyeti ku banyamahanga bokwivanga mu bibazo vyabo noneho asa n’ayumvikana. Mu myaka ya 1930, Reich ya Gatatu (twogereranya na Repubulika ya Gatatu) yavuze ko Lenine yari arwaye kandi ko ubwonko bwiwe bwasa "n‘iforomaji itobaguye" nk’uko bivugwa na Alonso.

Ni co gituma, intambara ya kabiri y’isi iriko irarangira, Uburusiya bwatanguje mu kinyegero urugamba rwo kubohoza utu duhimba twari mu minwe ya Vogt, nk’uko bisigurwa n’abashakashatsi b’Ababiligi L. van Bogaert na A. Dewulf.

"Abasoviyeti bari bafise ubwoba ko aka gahimba kari gukorokera mu minwe y’Abanyamerika maze bakagakoresha mu gutesha agaciro Lenine, bakavuga ko yari arwaye syphilis canke ko ata bwenge bw’ikirenga yari afise", niko bisigirwa na wa mwigisha wa kaminuza w’umu-esupanyole.

Yagerageje kuryohera abamutumye ariko biranka

Mu mpera z’imyaka ya 1920, Vogt yarerekanye ivyavuye mu bushakashatsi bwiwe bw’intangamarara mu rukurikirane rw’amakoraniro i Bulaya. Yavuze ko "udutsidutsi tw’umuce wa gatatu w’urukoba rw’ubwonko twari tunini kandi twinshi cane mu buryo budasanzwe".

Kubw’uno muhinga w’Umudagi, ibi bisigura "ubushobozi bwo kwiyumvira mu bubangutsi" bw’uno mutegetsi n’ubushobozi bwiwe bwo "kwungikanya ivyiyumviro mu bubangutsi no kubona ukuri", ari nayo mpamvu yatumye avuga ko Lenine yari "umuntu abangutse mu guhuza ivyiyumviro bidashusha".

Nubwo ubibonye ubwa mbere ubona ko uno muhinga yahaye Uburusiya ico bwarondera, abategetsi bamwe bamwe b’Abasoviyeti ntibanyuzwe.

Imvo ? Abandi bahinga b’ico gihe babona ko udutsidutsi tunyurangana mu bwonko kandi tunini twaba inyanduruko yo kudashobora kwiyumvira ningoga, nk’uko umutegetsi w’umukomunista yabigabishije mu cegeranyo kimwe.

Alonso ati : "Ubushakashatsi bwa Vogt bwaraneguwe cane kuko bibaza ko yabwiye Abarusiya ivyo bipfuza kwumva : ko Lenine yari yisangije ubwonko kandi ko bwari ubudasanzwe".

"Abategetsi b’Abasoviyeti bashigikira ko Lenine yari umuntu wa mbere mu bandi bantu bose bafise ubwenge bw’ikirenga kandi bari bizeye ko ubwonko bwiwe bwari bufise ibintu bidasanzwe ku buryo hari ikintu cihariye catuma bavuga ko butari bumeze co kimwe n’ubw’ibindi biremwa muntu ivyo ari vyo vyose", niko uno muhinga mu vy’ubwonko w’umu-espagnol avuga.

Vogt yibaza ko hari isano ritaziguye hagati y’imero y’ubwonko n’ubwenge bw’abantu.

Bwugaraniwe mu bushinguro

Twohava dufata ko umuntu yakoresheje iterabwoba kugira ngo yifatire mu minwe abanyagihugu canke yabeshejweho na nyina wiwe (gushika uno muvyeyi wiwe apfuye) yoba ari incabwenge yo ku rwego rwo hejuru?

Abanditsi b’Abasoviyeti baravyirengagije maze berekana ahubwo ko ubwenge bwinshi bwa Lenine bwamushoboje kumenya indimi indwi no gushobora kwandika inkuru y’ikinyamakuru mw’isaha imwe gusa.

Abahinga kuri iki kibazo bavuga ko ubushakashatsi ku mushinge w’"ubwenge budasanzwe" bw’uno mutegetsi w’umu-Bolshevic bwamaze imyaka irenga cumi, kuko vyabaye ngombwa ko batangura kwegeranya ubwonko bw’abandi bantu kugira abahinga babugereranye n’ubw’uno mutegetsi yari yapfuye.

Nico gituma uno musi, hampande y’uko bwugaraniwe mu gasandugu k’ubushinguro bw’ishure kaminuza ry’ubuganga i Moscou, habitswe kandi n’ubw’umuhinga mu binyabuzima (physiologiste) Ivan Pavlov, ubw’umu-injeniyeri mu vy’indege Konstantin Tsiolkovski hamwe n’ubw’umwanditsi Maxime Gorki.

Hagati aho, uduhimba tw’ubwonko bw’uno yatanguje icahoze citwa URSS twagereranijwe n’utw’incabwenge zigenziwe, ariko kandi n’utw’abenegihugu basanzwe. Ivyavuyemwo ntivyashizwe ahabona, vyeretswe abategetsi bakuru.

"Ku kigo Hoover Institute, hari ikopi y’icegeranyo cahawe Politburo, kiri ku mpapuro 63. Iki cegeranyo nticabitswe neza kandi harimwo amajambo menshi y’ubuhinga kandi adatahuritse, ariko, nubwo yarwaye ingwara zo mu bwonko incuro zine mbere ku ya kabiri akaba yaranamugaye, cerekana neza na neza ko Lenine yari incabwenge karuhariwe gushika ku musi wa nyuma w’ubuzima bwiwe", bisigurwa na Gregory.

Yongerako ati : "Gusoma iki cegeranyo vyari ibintu bitwengeje, kuko umuntu yibaza ko abacanditse baremarema ibintu kugira ngo bashike ku mwanzuro bipfuza".

Mu gihe bwapima 1.3kg, abandi banditsi b’ivyamamare ico gihe nabo bakavuga ko bwapima ibirenga 2 kg, abashakashatsi b’Abasoviyeti bemeza ko ubwonko bwa Lenine bwari "buteye ukuntu kudasanzwe uravye imigende n’imigongo vyabwo, cane cane mu gice c’amaja ku ruhanga", ivyerekana umuntu "afise ubwenge bw’agahebuza".

Alonso yamirira kure ivyashikirijwe na Vogt n’abamukurikiye.

Asigura ati : "Nta n’umwe yemera ko ubunini canke ubuto bw’ubwonko canke imero yabwo hari ico bisa bisana n’ubwenge (...) Hariho abantu bafise ubwonko bunini bakoze ibikorwa bikomeye vy’imyuga n’ubuhinga, ariko hariho n’abandi bafise ubwonko buto babikoze. Nta kintu na kimwe twatoye twofatirako kugira ngo dushobore kwerekana ubwenge budasanzwe".

Kandi Alonso ashimangira avuga ko "n’ubu turacaharira ku kintu twita ubwenge ".

Ati : "Umuravyi Vincent Van Gogh afatwa nk’umunyabwenge ahebuje mu bijanye no gushushanya, ariko yari afise ibibazo vyinshi. Nico kimwe mbere n’umuhinga (Isaac) Newton, afatwa nk’umuhinga wa mbere kibirengeye muri kahise, ariko ata bagenzi yari afise kandi ari nk’uko yaba mu bukene, n’aho yari afise amahera".

Ikirwanisho ca poritike

Icahoze ari Reta Zunze Ubumwe z’Abasoviyeti (URSS/USSR) gisenyutse mu 1991, bamwe mu bahinga bari babitse canke bakoze ubushakashatsi ku bwonko bwa Lenine baciye batangura gutanga ayandi makuru atandukanye n’ayari asanzwe ahari kuri we.

Mu 1993, Oleg Adrianov, ico gihe yari umuyobozi w'ikigo gicungera ubwonko bw'uno mutegetsi w’aba-Bolchevik yavuze ati: "Mu vy’ukuri igice c’imbere c’ubwonko bwiwe cari kinini kandi bwari bufise udutsi tunyurangana muri bwo twinshi cane. Ariko ivyo bivuze iki? Nta kintu kindi twovuga (. ..) uretse ko ata kintu kidasanzwe dusanga muri ubu bwonko".

"Si niyumvira ko yari afise ubwenge bw’agahebuza", niko uno muhinga w’Umurusiya arangiza abwira ibinyamakuru vyo mu Bwongereza.

Ubushakashatsi ku bwonko bwa Lenine bwabaye kandi kimwe mu birwanisho Staline yakoresheje mu kurondera kwigaragaza nka samuragwa w’uno yatanguje URSS.

Gregory yongerako ati : "Staline ntiyashaka gusa kwerekana ubwenge bw’ikirenga bwa Lenine, ariko kandi yashaka kubusigurira abanyagihugu mu ntumbero yo gutsimbataza urugamba rwiwe rwo kurondera ubutegetsi rwahabaye inyuma y’urupfu rwa Lenine".

Ariko ubwonko bwa Lenine si co conyene Staline yakoresheje mu rugamba rwiwe rwo kurondera ubutegetsi. Yarirengagije ivyipfuzo vy’uwo yasubiriye n’umuryango wiwe aca afata ingingo yo kubika ikiziga ca Lenine no kugishira ku mugaragaro nk’ic’umweranda mu ntatemwa yubatswe musi y’impome za Kremlin, ari naho kikiri gushika ubu.

Hagati aho, abahinga bamwe bamwe nk’uno mu nya Cuba Armando Chaguaceda, babona ko Lenine we nyene ari we soko ry’inzira yo kugirwa ikigirwamana.

Asigura ati : "Lenine ni we yashinze iyi reta y’intwaro y’agahotoro y’Abasoviyeti, imwe mu nkingi zayo ikaba ari poropagande".

"Kimwe ni ibivugwa n’abategetsi, ikindi naco ni ibikorwa, kuko abo bategetsi bose: Lenine, Fidel Castro canke Mao Zedong, bama bavuga ko batashaka umuco wo kubahimbaza, ariko ayo yari amajambo gusa, kuko mu buzima bategura canke bahagararira ininahazwa ry’ishusho yabo kandi ibi vyarabandanije n’inyuma y’urupfu rwabo".