Ni ibihe bihugu bibuza kunywa itabi, ubu ibintu bihagaze gute?

Uwa 31 Rusama (5), ni umusi mpuzamakungu wahariwe kurwanya itabi, uno mwaka ishirahamwe rijejwe amagara y’abantu kw’isi, OMS/WHO, rikaba ririko rigerageza kuzibira amakompanyi ahingura itabi kwizizira abakiri bato.

OMS iramaze gukora bigashimwa mw’isekeza ryayo ryo kurwanya itabi. Ibihugu hafi vyose ubu birafise amategeko acunga abanywi b’itabi.

Ni ibihe bihugu vyashizeho amategeko abuza kunywa itabi?

OMS ivuga ko ibihugu nibura 151 ubu bifise amategeko abuza kunywera itabi mu bibanza rusangi vyugaye.

Ivuga ko ano mategeko akingira abantu indwi kuri cumi kw’isi yose – ni ukuvuga abantu imiriyaridi 5.6 – ingaruka z’umwotsi w’itabi rinyowe n’abandi.

Mu 2004, Irlande yabaye igihugu ca mbere kw’isi cabujije kunywera itabi mu bibanza rusangi nko mu biro, mu bubare, mu mazu y’uburiro hamwe no mu mamodoka rusangi yunguruza abantu.

Kuva ico gihe, ibindi bihugu 16 vyo mu muryango w’Ubumwe bwa Bulaya vyarashizeho amategeko nk’aya – nubwo Ubumwe bwa Bulaya buvuga ko bimwe mu bihugu vyabwo bitayubahiriza uko bikwiye.

Ibihugu vyose vyo muri Amerika y’Ubumanuko ubu birafise amategeko abuza kunywa itabi.

Mu 2006, Uruguay yashizeho itegeko ribuza kunywera itabi mu bibanza rusangi vyugaye, no hafi y’ibitaro n’amashure.

Paraguay yabaye igihugu ca nyuma kuri uwo mugabane cemeje amategeko abuza kunywa itabi. Ariko kuva mu 2020, abantu bashobora kunywera itabi mu bibanza bizwi, bidahuriramwo abantu benshi kandi vyuguruye.

Mu 2023, Mexique yashizeho rimwe mu mategeko ruhasha kw’isi arwanya itabi - itegeko ribuza kunywera itabi mu bibanza vyose rusangi, harimwo mu bibanza vyo gufatiramwo akayaga (parcs), ku myeha (plages/beaches), ku mahoteri, mu biro no mu mazu y’uburiro.

Ibi bisigura ko abanya-Mexique ata hantu na hamwe bashobora kunywera itabi kiretse mu mihana yabo.

Kuva muri Mukakaro 2024, amahinguriro y’itabi muri Canada azotegerezwa gushira ku masigareti inzandiko zigabisha ingaruka z’itabi ku magara.

Ishirahamwe rijejwe amagara y’abantu ku mugabane wa Amerika rivuga ko ku mwaka hari abantu bababa umuriyoni bapfa kuri uwo mugabane bivuye kw’itabi bo nyene banywa canke binjiwe n’umwotsi uvuye ku wundi muntu arinyoye.

Mu Burundi no mu Rwanda vyifashe gute?

Mu Rwanda abanywa itabi baragabanutse ku rugero rugaragara. Kuva mu 2013 ubwo reta yashiraho itegeko ririmwo ingingo zibuza kunywera itabi mu bibanza rusangi, abategetsi umwaka uheze bavuze ko abanywa itabi mu 2012 bavuye kuri 12% bagera kuri 7% mu 2023.

Mu Burundi hari abidoga ko abantu benshi bakinywera itabi mu bibanza rusangi. Ariko ibitigiri vyerekana ko igice kinini c’abagore n’abagabo batanywa itabi, nk’uko vyerekanwa n’ishami rya ONU riraba amagara kw’isi OMS ifatiye ku biharuro bitangwa n’icigwa cerekeye imibereho y’abanyagihugu b’Uburundi, Enquête Démographique et de Santé (EDS) co mu 2017.

Iki cigwa cerekana ko kuva mu 2010 gushika 2016-2017, urugero rw’abatanywa itabi rwoba rwariyongereye haba mu bagore canke mu bagabo bari hagati y’imyaka 15 na 49, aho bavuye kuri 90% bagashika kuri 99% ku ruhande rw’abagore, hamwe no kuva kuri 82% gushika kuri 89% ku ruhande rw’abagabo.

Intara ya Karusi ni yo ibonekamwo urugero runini rw’abagore banywa itabi, 6%, mu gihe ku ruhande rw’abagabo intara iza ubwa mbere ari Muyinga kuri 19%.

Mu Burundi itegeko ryo kurwanya itabi ryaremejwe muri Rusama (5) 2018, ariko ishirwa mu ngiro yaryo iracarindiriwe.

None amategeko abuza itabi arakora koko?

Ikigo c’ubushakashatsi ku magara y’abantu National Institute for Health and Care Research, c’Ubwongereza kiraca irya n’ino ingaruka z’amategeko abuza kunywa itabi mu bihugu 21.

Kivuga ko hari ivyemezo vy’uko ano mategeko yagabanije urugero rw’ingwara z’umutima n’iz’imitsi zifatira mu bwonko (AVC/stroke), hamwe kandi n’iz’urwagasha na asima (asthme/asthma).

Mu 2007, itegeko ribuza kunywera itabi mu bibanza rusangi vyugaye no ku kazi ryarafashwe mu gihugu cose c’Ubwongereza.

Inkuru yo mu kinyamakuru c’amagara y’abantu mu Bwongereza, British Medical Journal (BMJ), ivuga ko mu mwaka wakurikiye, abantu binjizwa ibitaro kubera ingwara z’umutima bagabanutseko 1200 ugereranije n’umwaka w’imbere y’aho.

Bivuye kw’itegeko ribuza kunywera itabi mu bibanza rusangi muri Ecosse/Scotland, ibitigiri vy’abana bajanwa ku bitaro kubera asima vyaragabanutse hafi ica gatanu mu myaka itatu ikurikirana, nk’uko biri mu cigwa cakozwe na kaminuza ya Glasgow.

Imbere y’uko iri tegeko rya Ecosse rishirwa mu ngiro, ibitigiri vy’abana binjizwa ibitaro kubera asima vyaguma biduga gushika kuri 5% buri mwaka.

Kandi amategeko abuza kunywa itabi yatumye abantu benshi bariheba.

Nk’uko biri mu biharuro vya reta y’Ubwongereza, 22% vy’abantu bakuze muri iki gihugu mu 2006 bari abanywi b’itabi. Gushika mu 2023, 14% bonyene mu bakuze ni bo bari bakirinywa.

OMS ivuga ko kubera ingingo zirwanya itabi zafashwe mu bihugu bitari bike kw’isi yose mu myaka 15 iheze, ubu abanywa itabi bagabanutseko hafi imiriyoni 300 mu bantu bose baba kw’isi gusumba uko biba bimeze.

Kubera iki OMS iriko igerageza kuzibira amakompanyi y’itabi yizizira abakiri bato?

Ifatiye ku biharuro vyo mu 2022, OMS ivuga ko kw’isi yose, nibura imiriyoni 37 z’abantu bari hagati y’imyaka 13 na 15 bakoresha itabi mu buryo kanaka.

Ivuga ko i Bulaya, 11.5% vy’abahungu na 10.1 % vy’abakobwa bari hagati y’imyaka 13 na 15 banywa itabi.

OMS ivuga ko ibikomoka kw’itabi nk’isigareti rya elektroniki (e-cigarette) n’udusaho tw’ubumara bwa nicotine (sachets de nicotine/nicopouches) birwiriye cane mu rwaruka.

Ivuga ko 12.5 % vy’imiyabaga i Bulaya bakoresheje isigareti rya elektroniki mu 2022, mu gihe 2% vy’abakuze ari bo barikoresheje.