Inkuru y'imbere mu itsinda ry'impirimbanyi zibasira abanyamahanga muri Afurika y'Epfo

Itsinda rirwanya abimukira ryo muri Afurika y'Epfo ryitwa Operation Dudula rimaze kumenyekana cyane kubera kwibasira ibikorwa by'ubucuruzi by'abanyamahanga no gutegeka amaduka gufunga. Ishami rya BBC rikora inkuru z'icukumbura, BBC Africa Eye, mu buryo bw'imbonekarimwe ryemerewe kugera ku bagize iryo tsinda rya mbere rikomeye mu matsinda yo muri icyo gihugu akora ibikorwa byo mu muhanda byo kurwanya abimukira.

Mu gikoni cyo ku ishuri i Kwa Thema, agace ko mu nkengero y'umujyi mu burasirazuba bwa Johannesburg, Dimakatso Makoena ahugiye mu gukora imigati miremire ya sandwich. Uyu mubyeyi w'umugore w'imyaka 57, utabana n'umugabo, ufite abana batatu, amaze imyaka irenga 10 akora akazi ko guteka.

Agerageza kwimunyamunya ngo atarira, yagize ati: "Nkubwije ukuri, nanga abanyamahanga. Icyakubwira ukuntu nifuza ko bahambira utwabo bakagenda bakatuvira mu gihugu."

Biragoye gusobanukirwa imbaraga z'uru rwango, kugeza ubwo Makoena afashe telefone ye akerekana ifoto y'umuhungu we. Uyu muhungu we arananutse cyane ndetse afite mu maso hagaragaza umunaniro, n'inkovu z'ubushye zuzuye umubiri we wose, no ku maboko no mu maso.

Makoena ati: "Yatangiye kunywa ibiyobyabwenge kuva afite imyaka 14." Anasobanura ukuntu umuhungu we akenshi ajya kwiba ibintu kugira ngo abone ibyo guha iyo ngeso yamwokamye. Umunsi umwe ngo yari yagerageje gufata insinga z'amashanyarazi ngo azigurishe, nuko umuriro w'amashanyarazi uramufata uramutwika arashya.

Umuhungu we akoresha ibiyobyabwenge bya crystal meth na nyaope, iki cya nyuma kigira umuntu imbata cyane kandi kigurishwa ku muhanda, cyayogoje imiryango yo muri Afurika y'Epfo. Iyo amaze kukubwira ko ashinja abanyamahanga kugurisha ibiyobyabwenge ku muhungu we, ni bwo imitekerereze ye no gushyigikira Operation Dudula, noneho bisobanuka.

Yabwiye BBC ati: "Dudula, ni cyo kintu cyonyine gituma nkomeza kugira ingufu zo kubaho."

Operation Dudula, yatangirijwe i Soweto mu myaka ibiri ishize, iba itsinda rya mbere rishyize ku mugaragaro ibitero ubundi byari bisanzwe ari ibya hato na hato byo kwanga abanyamahanga bigamije kwihanira byo muri Afurika y'Epfo, bifite inkomoko mu gihe cya nyuma gato y'impera y'ubutegetsi bw'ivanguramoko bwa ba nyamucye b'abazungu bwa apartheid, mu 1994. Operation Dudula isobanura ko ari itsinda rya rubanda, rirwanya abimukira, ijambo "dudula" rivuze "kwirukana" mu rurimi rw'Iki-Zulu.

Agace ka Soweto kari kari imbere mu rugamba rwo kurwanya ubutegetsi bwa apartheid, ndetse aho ni ho habaga Nelson Mandela, wabaye Perezida wa mbere w'Afurika y'Epfo watowe mu nzira ya demokarasi. None ubu, ako gace ko mu nkengero ya Johannesburg kahindutse ku ivuko ry'itsinda rya mbere rikomeye muri iki gihugu rirwanya abimukira.

Mu gihe umwe muri buri Banyafurika y'Epfo batatu nta kazi afite, muri iki gihugu kiri mu birimo ubusumbane bwinshi ku isi, muri rusange abanyamahanga ni bo bahindutse abo byoroshye kwibasira nka nyirabayazana.

Ariko umubare w'abimukira baba muri Afurika y'Epfo warakabirijwe cyane. Raporo yo mu mwaka wa 2022 y'ikigo cyigenga cy'ubushakashatsi ku mutekano, Institute for Security Studies (ISS), gifite icyicaro mu murwa mukuru Pretoria, ivuga ko muri Afurika y'Epfo hari abimukira bagera hafi kuri miliyoni 3.95, bagize 6.5% y'abaturage b'iki gihugu, umubare uhuye (utarenze) n'ikigero giteganywa n'ibipimo mpuzamahanga. Uyu mubare urimo abimukira bose, hatitawe ku kuba bafite ibyangombwa cyangwa aho baturuka.

Imvugo yo kwanga abanyamahanga ikoreshwa na bamwe mu bategetsi, abanyapolitiki n'amatsinda arwanya abimukira, yenyegeje igitekerezo kitari ukuri ko iki gihugu cyigaruriwe n'abimukira.

Ubushakashatsi ku mibereho muri Afurika y'Epfo bwo mu 2021 bwasanze hafi kimwe cya kabiri cy'abaturage miliyoni 60 batuye Afurika y'Epfo bemeza ko muri iki gihugu hari abimukira bari hagati ya miliyoni 17 na miliyoni 40.

Ikusanyabitekerezo ryo muri iki gihe ryumvikanisha ko ikigero cyo gushyigikira ishyaka riri ku butegetsi rya ANC (African National Congress), ishyaka ryigeze kuba riyobowe na Mandela, ku nshuro ya mbere gishobora kumanuka kikajya munsi ya 50%.

Operation Dudula yiyemeje kuziba icyo cyuho, ndetse ubu yarihinduye, iva ku kuba itsinda ryo mu karere rirwanya abimukira, ihinduka ishyaka ryo ku rwego rw'igihugu, ryatangaje ko rifite intego yo guhatana mu matora rusange yo mu mwaka utaha.

Zandile Dabula, watowe mu kwezi kwa Kamena (6) muri uyu mwaka wa 2023 nka Perezida wa Operation Dudula, ni umuntu utuje, wifitemo kumvirwa n'abo ayobora, ndetse wumva cyane ubutumwa bw'iri tsinda: "abanyamahanga" ni yo ntandaro y'ibibazo by'ubukungu by'Afurika y'Epfo.

Abajijwe ku kuba iki gikorwa gishingiye gusa ku rwango, yabwiye BBC ati: "Hano [kuri iyi ngingo] tugomba kubwizanya ukuri ko byinshi mu bibazo dufite biterwa n'umubare munini w'abanyamahanga.

"Igihugu cyacu kiri mu kajagari. Abanyamahanga barimo gukora kuri gahunda y'imyaka 20 yo kwigarurira Afurika y'Epfo."

Ubwo yari abajijwe ku kuri kw'iyo gahunda y'imyaka 20, yemeye ko ari igihuha ariko avuga ko yemera ko ari ukuri.

Ati: "Urabona ibiyobyabwenge ahantu hose kandi benshi mu bagizwe imbata n'ibiyobyabwenge ni Abanyafurika y'Epfo, aho kuba abanyamahanga. None ubwo harimo kuba iki? [Abanyamahanga] Barimo kugaburira basaza bacu na bashiki bacu kugira ngo bishobore kuborohera kubigarurira?"

Nyamara uburakari buturwa abimukira bushobora kugera ku bari mu gihugu mu buryo bwemewe n'amategeko ndetse bakora no mu bikorwa byemewe n'amategeko.

Umucuruzi wo ku isoko ukomoka muri Nigeria, mu ntangiriro y'uyu mwaka wibasiwe mu gitero i Johannesburg cy'abo muri Operation Dudula, yabwiye BBC ko abagore babiri bamukubitishije igikoresho kiriho amashanyarazi (taser), bakanashwanyaguza imyenda ye bakayijugunya mu muferege, batigeze babanza kugira icyo bamubaza.

Avuga ko ubwo barashishaga icyo cyuma cy'amashanyarazi, barahiye bamutuka, bakongeraho bati: "Ugomba kujya muri Nigeria... Turi Dudula, turi Abanyafurika y'Epfo."

Kuri ubu, nta bicuruzwa afite, aryama ku muhanda. Ati: "Ndatora muri iki gihugu. Hano ndi umuturage [ubifitiye uburenganzira]. Sinigeze na rimwe mbona igihugu gifata abantu nk'uku. Niba hari ikintu ndimo nkora kinyuranyije n'amategeko, aho birumvikana. Munyirukane. Ariko nta kintu na kimwe ndimo gukora kinyuranyije n'amategeko. None ubu ubuzima bwanjye mwabugize bubi, sinshobora kuriha amafaranga y'icumbi ryanjye. Ndashaka kugenda, birarenze."

Operation Dudula ishimangira ko ikiyihangayikishije cyane ari umubare munini cyane w'ibiyobyabwenge mu duce ducyennye cyane two muri Afurika y'Epfo. Ariko nta mibare ihari yo kwemeza ibyo iri tsinda rivuga ko abantu bacuruza ibiyobyabwenge atari Abanyafurika y'Epfo.

Imibare yo kugereranya ntayihari ku bijyanye n'ibyaha biterwa no kunywa ibiyobyabwenge, ariko raporo y'ikigo ISS isubiramo amagambo ya minisitiri w'ubutabera avuga ko abimukira bagize 8.5% y'abantu bose bahamijwe ibyaha n'inkiko mu 2019, na 7.1% y'abantu bahamijwe ibyaha mu 2020. Ikigo ISS cyongeraho ko 2.3% y'imfungwa zifungwa buri mwaka ari abanyamahanga badafite ibyangombwa.

I Diepkloof, mu gace k'uburasirazuba ka Soweto, BBC yagiye mu cyiswe itsinda ryihariye rya Dudula. Abagabo bari mu modoka z'amakamyo bagiye guhangana n'Umunya-Mozambique w'umugabo ufite iduka. Umunyafurika y'Epfo w'umugore amushinja ko atarishye amafaranga y'ubukode.

Byari byitezwe ko haba ibiganiro, ariko mu buryo bwihuse hadutse ubushyamirane, umwe mu bagabo, witwa Mandla Lenkosi, amukangisha ko yamukubita. Ubwo BBC yari ibabajije ku myitwarire yabo y'urugomo, bashimangiye ko barimo gushyira mu bikorwa amategeko.

Lenkosi, na we w'i Soweto akaba nta kazi afite, aba ari mu bitero ku ngo z'abimukira n'ahantu bakorera, abantu bacyekwaho ikintu icyo ari cyo cyose, kuva ku gucuruza ibiyobyabwenge, kugeza ku kuguma mu gihugu kurenza itariki ntarengwa iri ku ruhushya rwabo rwo kuba mu gihugu, uru ruzwi nka 'visa'.

Akomoza ku biyobyabwenge, agira ati: "Twakuriye mu bihe bya apartheid, aho ibintu byari bimeze neza kurusha uko bimeze ubu.

"[Icyo gihe] Itegeko ryabaga ari itegeko."

Umugabo mugenzi we ushyigikiye Dudula, witwa Cedric Stone, yemeranyije na we. Ati: "Afurika y'Epfo icyeneye gusubira kuri Afurika y'Epfo ya kera tuzi.

"Ba data batangije amaduka aciriritse ariko ubu ayo maduka aciriritse yose ba nyirayo bose ni abanyamahanga, cyane cyane Abanya-Bangladesh, Abanya-Somalia n'Abanya-Ethiopia. Kubera iki?"

Perezida w'Afurika y'Epfo Cyril Ramaphosa yamaganye imyigaragambyo yo kwibasira abimukira, ndetse yamaganye amatsinda yo kwihanira, avuga ko ahohotera ndetse akagaba ibitero ku bimukira. Imyitwarire yayo yayigereranyije n'uburyo bwakoreshwaga n'ubutegetsi bwa apartheid mu gupyinagaza abirabura.

Mu 2019, yatangije igikorwa yise National Action Plan, kigamije kurwanya irondabwoko n'urwango byibasira abanyamahanga, ariko impirimbanyi zirashaka ko leta ikora ibirenzeho.

Annie Michaels, impirimbanyi yo mu muryango urengera abimukira witwa Johannesburg Migrants Advisory Panel, avuga ko Abanyafurika y'Epfo barimo gushakira umuti aho utari, begeka ibibazo byabo ku bantu batabibateye, kandi ko mu by'ukuri bakwiye gushima abimukira kubera ubumenyi bwabo bwo kwibeshaho.

Yabwiye BBC ati: "Mureke kwicara no kwinuba no gupfira muri iyo mfuruka [iguni] no gutegereza leta irimo kunanirwa buri munsi kubitaho.

"Abimukira... ni bo bacyene cyane mu bacyene [bose]. Bahitamo kujya kubabuza amahwemo, aho kubuza amahwemo [abategetsi] abifungiranye baba mu nzu z'ibirahure [zihenze]."

Ku ruhande rwe, Dabula, wa mukuru w'iri tsinda, avuga ko abanenga Operation Dudula, bashimangira ko ari itsinda ry'abanyarugomo bihanira, nta kuri kwabo.

Yagize ati: "Ntidushyigikira urugomo kandi ntidushaka ko abantu biyumva ko barimo guhohoterwa." Ariko yongeraho ati: "Ntidushobora kwigarurirwa n'abanyamahanga ubundi ntitugire ikintu na kimwe tubikoraho."

Mu kwezi kwa Gicurasi (5) uyu mwaka, abantu babarirwa mu magana bashyigikiye iryo tsinda berekeje i Johannesburg kwitabira inama yaryo ya mbere yo ku rwego rw'igihugu, aho abagize iryo tsinda batoreye ko ryandikwa nk'ishyaka rya politiki.

Bazunguza amabendera y'Afurika y'Epfo, babyina banaririmba mu mihanda berekeza ku nyubako iberamo inama y'ubuyobozi bw'umujyi, bimeze nkaho ari ibirori.

Ariko indirimbo barimo kuririmba zirimo ubutumwa buteye inkeke: "Mutwike umunyamahanga. Tuzajya mu igaraje, tugure lisansi [essence] ubundi dutwike umunyamahanga."

Imyambaro imeze nk'iya gisirikare bambaye yibutsa igihe cy'urugamba rwo kwibohora rw'Afurika y'Epfo. Itanga ubutumwa bwuko biteguye imirwano.

Makoena na we ni ho ari, aramwenyura ndetse yambaye umupira w'amaboko magufi uranga iri shyaka rye. Ati: "Operation Dudula igiye kwandika amateka uyu munsi."

Imbere, ahavugirwa ijambo, Isaac Lesole, umujyanama mu bya tekinike wa Operation Dudula, afite ikibazo cyo kubaza aba basabwe n'ibyishimo bashyigikiye ishyaka: "Twagirana amahoro n'abanyamahanga batemewe n'amategeko?"

Icyarimwe, baramusubiza bati: "Oya."

Bijyanye n'amategeko y'Afurika y'Epfo , kwandika ishyaka ntibihita bisobanura ko rizahatana mu matora – hari ibyiciro rigomba kunyuramo.

Operation Dudula nta gahunda y'ibikorwa (manifesto) ifite cyangwa indi gahunda iyo ari yo yose, uretse gusa aho ihagaze ku bijyanye n'abanyamahanga, nubwo Dabula ashimangira ko ifite abayoboke muri buri ntara yose uretse mu ntara ya Northern Cape.

Abayoboke b'iri shyaka rishya bavuganye na BBC basa nk'abashaka by'ukuri ko ibintu bitagenda aho batuye, bicyemuka. Bumvikanisha impinduka yo mu mwuka wa politiki muri Afurika y'Epfo, aho abantu bamaze kurambirwa uko ibintu bimeze ubu.

Ariko uruvange rubi rw'ubucyene, ibiyobyabwenge n'ubwoba, rwatumye habaho kwitana ba mwana, aho abimukira bahindutse ba nyirabayazana.

Ushobora kureba inkuru mbarankuru yose y'icukumbura yo mu Cyongereza ya BBC Africa Eye, yitwa 'Fear and Loathing in South Africa', ukanze hano kuri shene ya BBC Africa yo kuri YouTube.