Me ya sa kamfanin ƙera wayar iPhone ke cikin tsaka-mai-wuya?

Kowace wayar iPhone tana ɗauke da tambarin da ke nuna a California aka zana ko tsara ta.

Sai dai duk da cewa a Amurka ɗin ake aikin zane da tsarawa, aikin kammala haɗa wayar a ƙasar China ake yi - ƙasar da gwamnatin Trump ta fi lafta wa haraji, wanda yanzu haka ya kai kashi 245 cikin dari.

Apple na sayar da sama da wayoyin iPhone miliyan 220, kuma duk guda tara a cikin 10 a China ake aikin haɗa su.

Sai dai za a iya cewa kamfanin ya yi sa'a bayan Trump ya cire wayoyin salula da kwamfutoci da ire-irensu a cikin harajin a makon jiya.

Sai dai duk da haka, wannan rangwamen ba mai ɗorewa ba ne.

Shugaban na Amurka ya ce akwai wasu haraje-harajen da suke tafe: "babu wanda zai ci bulus," kamar yadda ya wallafa a shafinsa na Truth.

Da Amurka da China, ƙasashe biyu da suka fi ƙarfin tattalin arziki a duniya suna dogaro da juna, amma harajin Trump ya buɗe sabon babi a alaƙar ƙasashen biyu, wanda hakan ya sa ake tambayar wai wace ƙasa ce ta fi dogaro da wata?

Yadda rangwame ya zama barazana

China ta daɗe tana ƙaruwa da aikin kammala ayyukan wasu manyan kamfanonin duniya, inda kamfanoni da dama daga ƙasashen yamma suke zuwa can domin kammala wasu ayyukansu, ita kuma hakan ya taimaka mata wajen inganta masana'antunta na cikin gida.

Apple ya shiga China ne a shekarun 1990 domin sayar da kwamfutoci ta hanyar amfani da diloli.

A tsakanin 1997, lokacin da ya kusa karyewa, amma zuwansa China ya farfaɗo da shi.

Amma sai a shekarar 2001 ne kamfanin ya koma China a hukumance ta hanyar wani kamfanin hada-hada na Shanghai, inda ya fara aiki a ƙasar. Sai ya haɗa hannu da kamfanin Foxcom, wanda kamfanin Taiwan ne da ke China domin fara haɗa iPods, kafin ya fara haɗa iMacs kafin ya koma iPhone.

Apple ya buɗe kamfaninsa na farko a Beijing a 2008, shekarar da aka buga gasar Olympic a ƙasar. Cikin ƙanƙanin lokaci kamfanin ya buɗe kantuna 50, har kwastomomi suke layi domin sayen wayar.

Da wayar ta ƙara samun ƙarbuwa, sai kamfanin ya ƙara buɗe sassa na haɗa wayar a China, inda Foxconn ya faɗaɗa aikinsa na Zhengzhou wanda ake kira da birnin iPhone.

Yanzu yawancin wayoyin iPhone a Foxconn ake haɗa su, sannan ƙwalƙwalwar wayar kuma kamfanin Taiwan TSMC ke haɗawa.

Kusan manyan kamfanonin dillancin Apple 150 cikin guda 187 a 2024 suna da kamfani a China, kamar yadda alƙaluman Nikkei Asia suka nuna.

Barazanar haraji

A wa'adin Trump na farko, ya cire Apple a cikin harajin da ya lafta wa China.

Amma a wannan karon, ya haɗa da kamfanin kafin daga bisani ya cire wayoyin salula da kwamfutoci.

Sakatariyar watsa labarai ta fadar gwamnatin Amurka, Karoline Leavitt ta nanata a makon jiya cewa, "Shugaba Trump ya bayyana ƙarara cewa Amurka ba za ta dogara da China wajen sana'anta mata muhimman kayayyakin fasahar zamani ba kamar ƙwalƙwalwar waya da wayoyin salula da kwamfutocin hannu."

Tunanin kamfanin Apple zai mayar da kamfanin kammala aikinsa Amurka "hangen dala" ne kawai kamar yadda Eli Friedman ya bayyana.

Ya ce kamfanin na ta ƙoƙarin samar da hanyoyin faɗaɗa ayyukansa a wasu ƙasashe tun a 2013 lokacin da ya fara aiki a matsayin darakta - amma ba su taɓa tunanin Amurka ba.

Mr Friedman ya ƙara da cewa kamfanin bai mayar da hankali sosai ba a cikin shekara goma da suka wuce, amma ya ce sun dawo da maganar a lokacin annobar covid-19.

"Ƙasashen da ake aikin haɗa wayoyin su ne Vietnam da Indiya, amma har yanzu kamfanin Apple ya fi aiki a China."

Sai dai kamfanin Apple bai ce komai ba kan tambayar da BBC ta tura masa kan neman ƙarin haske game da bayanin da ya rubuta a shafinsa na intanet cewa "yana da dubban diloli a ƙasashe 50 a duniya."

Ƙalubalen da ke gaba

Idan aka samu wani canji a kasuwancin Apple, hakan zai shafi China, wadda har yanzu ba ta gama warwarewa ba daga annobar korona.

Dalilan ƙasar na sha'awar zama mai maraba da kamfanonin ƙasashen yamma tun a shekarun 2000 har yanzu suna nan daram- zuwan kamfanonin na samar da ɗimbin ayyukan yi ga ƴan ƙasar, sannan suna ɗaga darajar ƙasar a ɓangaren kasuwanci.

"Apple na tsakiya ne yanzu a game da saɓanin Amurka da China," Jigar Dixit.

Wataƙila wannan ne ya sa China ba ta amince da barazanar Trump ba, inda ita ma ta lafta wa kayayyakin Amurka haraji na kashi 125. Haka kuma China ta saka takunkumi kan wasu kayayyakin da ake fitarwa daga ƙasar zuwa Amurka, wanda hakan ya shafi ƙasar ta Amurka.

Amma lallai ita ma China za ta ji zafi da raɗaɗin harajin na Amurka.

Kuma ba wai ƙara harajin ba ne kawai - gwamnatin Trump ta ce za ta lafta harajin kan ƙasashen da suke harka da China, kamar Vietnam, inda Apple ya mayar da haɗa AirPod, wadda ita ma Trump ya lafta wa harajin kashi 46 kafin ya ɗaga ƙafa na kwana 90.

"Duk ƙasashen da Foxconn zai iya komawa da aiki a Asia ne, kuma dukkan ƙasashen nahiyar suna cikin waɗanda harajinsu na Amurka ya fi yawa," in ji Mr Friedman.

Don haka wane mataki Apple zai ɗauka yanzu?

Kamfanin na ta ƙoƙarin gogayya da wasu kamfanonin na China a daidai lokacin da gwamnatin ƙasar ke ta ƙoƙarin faɗaɗa ɓangaren domin gogayya da Amurka.

A bara kamfanin Huawei da Vivo sun haura Apple wajen kasuwancin wayoyin hannu a China. Ƴan China sun rage kashe kuɗi saboda tattalin arziki ya yi ƙasa da kuma kasancewar China ta hana amfani da ChatGPT.

Duk da haka Apple ya rage farashin wayoyinsa a Janairu domin samun kasuwa.

Apple ya sanar da zuba jarin dala biliyan 500 (fam biliyan 378) a Amurka, duk da cewa da wahala wannan ya kwantar da hankalin Trump.

Ganin rashin tabbas da ke tattare da yanayin harajin gwamnatin Trump, akwai yiwuwar nan gaba a ga wasu abubuwan daban.

Mr Dixit ya ce harajin wayoyin salula ba zai durƙusar da kamfanin Apple ba, amma lallai zai iya taɓa yanayin kasuwancinsa.

"Amma ba na tunanin kamfanin na Apple zai zauna ya naɗe hannu," in ji Mr Friedman.

Ƙarin rahoto daga Fan Wang.