Mene ne kisan ƙare dangi sannan ko Isra'ila ta aikata hakan a Gaza?
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- Marubuci, Luis Barrucho
- Sanya sunan wanda ya rubuta labari, BBC World Service
- Lokacin karatu: Minti 6
Yaƙin Gaza ya haifar wa duniya muhawara kan ko Isra'ila ta aikata laifin kisan ƙare dangi, da ake ɗauka a matsayin mummunan laifi ƙarƙashin dokokin duniya.
Zuwa tsakiyar Agusta, hare-haren sojojin Isra'ila sun kashe fiye da mutum 61,000 - mafi yawansu fafaren hula - a Gaza, a cewar ma'aikatar lafiyar Hamas da ke Gaza.
Isra'ila ta ƙaddamar da hare-haren ne a matsayin martani ga harin Hamas na ranar 7 ga watan Oktoban 2023, wanda ya kashe mutum 1,200 tare da yin garkuwa da Isra'ilawa fararen hula 251.
Kashe-kashen da ruguza Gazan ya janyo mummunar suka da Allah wadai.
Ƙasashen duniya da dama da suka haɗa da Brazil da Turkiyya da ƙungiyoyin kare haƙƙin bil'adama, da wasu ƙwararru, sun ce Isra'ila ta aikata kisan ƙare dangi a Gaza.
A Disamban 2023, Afirka ta Kudu ta kai ƙarar Isra'ila kotun duniya kan zargin kisan ƙare dangi da ya saɓa wa dokokin duniya na 1948.
Wata guda bayan nan, wani hukuncin kotun ya gano cewa Falasɗinawa suna da "hakkin kariya daga kisan kare dangi".
Alƙalan kotun sun ce wasu daga cikin matakan da Afirka ta Kudu ta ɗauka na ƙorafi a kai, idan har an tabbatar da su, za su iya shiga ƙarƙashin babban taron.
Gwamnatocin ƙasashen Yamma, ciki har da Birtaniya da Jamus sun jima suka kauce wa bayyana abinda Isra'la ta yi a matsayin kisan ƙare dangi.
Shugaban Faransa Emmanuel Macron ya ce ba a wurin shugaban siyasa don amfani da kalmar ba, amma "masana tarihi" su yanke shawara "a lokacin da ya dace".
Isra'ila ta yi watsi da zarge-zargen aikata kisan ƙare dangi a matsayin "ƙarairayi ƙarara", inda ta dage cewa tana amfani da ƴancinta na tsaro da kare kanta - hujjar da babbar kawarta, Amurka ta jima tana kafawa.
Mene ne kisan ƙare dangi?
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Wani lauya Bayahude ɗan ƙasar Poland ne, Raphael Lemkin ya samar da kalmar ''genocide'' (kisan ƙare dangi) a 1943.
Ya samar da kalmar ne ta hanyar haɗa kalmomin harshen Girkanci wato ''genos'' da ke nufin ''ƙabila da launin fata'', da kuma kalmar Latin ta ''cide'' da ke nufin (kisa).
Bayan da Dakta Lemkin ya shaida irin munanan abubuwan da suka faru na kisan kiyashin da aka yi wa Yahudawa na ''Holocaust'', inda aka kashe duka ƴan gidansu in ban da ɗan'uwansa guda, lauyan ya yi yunƙurin ganin an amince da kisan kare dangi a matsayin laifi ƙarƙashin dokokin duniya.
Ƙoƙarin nasa ya sa Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta amince da kalmar kisan ƙare dangi a taronta na watan Disamban 1948 a matsayin laifin ƙarƙashin dokokin duniya, inda aka fara amfani da dokar a 1951.
Zuwa shekarar 2022 ƙasashen duniya 153 ne suka sanya hannu kan haramta kisan ƙare dangi.
Sashe na biyu na dokar ya bayyana ma'anar kisan ƙare dangi a matsayin ''aikata ɗaya daga cikin waɗannan da nufin wargaza duka ko wani ɓangare na ƙasa ko ƙabila ko launin fata ko wata ƙungiya ta mabiya addini, ta hanyar:
- Kashe mambobin al'ummar
- Yana haifar da mummunar cutar da jiki ko tunani ga al'ummar
- Yin wani abu da gangan don haifar da wargaza duka al'ummar ko wani ɓangare na nata.
- Ƙaƙaba wasu dokoki da nufin hana al'ummar ci gaba da hayayyafa.
- Tilasta kwashe ƙananan yaran al'ummar domin mayar da su wani wuri na daban.
Yarjejeniyar ta kuma ɗora wa ƙasashen da suka rattaba hannu kanta alhakin ''hana da kuma hukunta'' waɗanda suka aikata kisan ƙare dangi.
Wa zai iya bayyana abu a matsayin kisan ƙare dangi?
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Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta ce ba ta tantance ko wani lamari ya ƙunshi kisan kare dangi ba, kuma hukumomin shari'a ne kawai, kamar kotun duniya ke da ikon yin hakan.
Kaɗan daga cikin shari'o'i ne kawai aka yanke hukuncinsu a matsayin kisan ƙare dangi a ƙarƙashin duniya, kamar kisan ƙare dangin Rwanda a 1994 da kisan kiyashin Srebrenica a Bosnia a shekar 1995, da yakin Khmer Rouge kan ƙungiyoyin marasa rinjaye a Cambodia daga 1975 zuwa 1979.
Kotun duniya, ICJ da kotun hukunta manyan laifuka ta kasa da kasa (ICC) su ne manyan kotunan duniya masu hurumin ayyana abu a matsayin kisan ƙare dangi.
Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta kuma kafa kotunan wucin gadi don sauraren batutuwan da suka jiɓanci zargin kisan ƙare dangi a Rwanda da tsohuwar Yugoslavia.
Kotun ta ICJ ce babbar hukumar shari'a ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya mai hurumin warware taƙaddama tsakanin ƙasashen duniya.
Laifukan da ake ci gaba da yi na kisan ƙare dangi sun haɗa da wanda Ukraine ta kawo wa Rasha a shekarar 2022.
Kyiv ta zargi Kremlin da ƙaryar ikirarin Ukraine ta aikata kisan kiyashi a yankin Donbas da ke gabashin ƙasar, tare da yin amfani da shi a matsayin hujjar mamayar ƙasar.
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Wani misalin shi ne ƙarar da Gambiya ta shigar da Myanmar a 2027.
Gambiya ta zargi ƙasar - wadda mabiya addinin Buda suka fi yawa a cikinta - da aikata kisan ƙare dangi kan musulmai ƴan ƙabilar Rohingya waɗanda tsiraru ne a ƙasar, ta hanyar shirya ''yin wani cikakken shiri na kawar da su'' a ƙauyukansu.
Kotun ICC da aka kafa a 2002 ta yi ƙoƙari wajen tuhumar wasu tsirarun mutane.
Ƙasashen duniya 125 ne suka sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar zama mambobi a kotun - Amurka da Indiya da China na daga cikin manyan ƙasashen da har yanzu ba su sanya hannun kasancewa cikinta ba.
Kotun ta ICC na binciken shari'o'in zargin kisan ƙare dangi, to amma kawo yanzu ta fito da sabbin zarge-zarge kan Omar Hassan Al Bashir, tsohon shugaban Sudan da aka hamɓarar a 2019 bayan kwashe kusan shekara 30 yana mulkin ƙasar.
Shin akwai masu sukar yarjejeniyar?
Tun bayan da MDD ta amince da yarjejeniyar, ta yi ta shan suka daga ɓangarori daban-daban, mafi yawa daga waɗanda aka ɗora wa alhakin aikata hakan.
Wasu na gani cewa an taƙaita ma'anar kalmar, yayain da wasu ke cewa an faɗada ma'anar.
"Ba allai a iya cimma abin da ma'anar lakmar ke nufi ba,'' kamar yadda Thijs Bouwknegt, ƙwararre a fannin sanin kisan ƙare dangi da ke aiki a kotun ICC, ya bayayna wa AFP a wata hira da shi.
"Dole sai ka kawo hujja abin da aka ƙudiri hakan a kansa, kuma dole sai ka yi bayani kan abin da aka nufata ta hanyar dangata shi abin da ya faru,'' i ji shi.
Wasu sukar da ka yi yi wa yarjejeniyar sun haɗa da rashin kama wasu jagororin siyasa da ƙungiyoyin al'umomi, da kuma rashin iyakance yawan kashe-kashen da za a iya kira da kisan ƙare dangi.
Mista Bouwknegt ya ce zai ɗaki shekaru kafin kowace kotu ta yanke hukunci kan ayyana kashe-kashe a matsayin na ƙare dangi.
A Rwanda, ya ɗauki Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kusan shekara 10 kafin ta iya tabbatar da an samu kisan ƙare dangi a ƙasar
Sannan har sai a 2007 kotun duniya ta gano cewa kashe-kashen Srebrenica na 1995 - da aka kashe kusan musulmi 8,000 manya da ƙananan yara - a matsayin kisan ƙare dangi.
Rachel Burns, ƙwararren mai nazarin laifuka a Jami'ar York ya ce mutane ƙalilan cikin waɗanda ake zargi - aka samu da laifukan kisan ƙare dangi.
"Har yanzu ba a san adadin waɗanda suka aikata kisan ƙare dangi a Rwanda da tsohuwar Yugoslavia da kuma Cambodia ba, ƙalilan kawai aka samu da laifi,'' in ji shi.
