Yadda yara mata suka koma sana'ar saƙa kafet bayan haramta musu zuwa makaranta a Afghanistan

Karanta rubutu kawai domin rage cin data
Two rows of three young women, sat back to back, each facing tall looms.
Bayanan hoto, Da dama daga cikin masu aikin saƙa darduma mata ne da aka kora daga makaranta bayan karɓe ikon da Taliba ta yi
    • Marubuci, Mahjooba Nowrouzi
    • Sanya sunan wanda ya rubuta labari, BBC Afghan
    • Aiko rahoto daga, Kabul
  • Lokacin karatu: Minti 5

Tun bayan da Taliban suka ƙwace mulki a Afghanistan cikin shekara ta 2011, an haramta wa yara mata da suka zarce shekara 12 daga shiga makaranta, sannan an haramta wa manyan mata yin aiki.

Wannan ya tilasta wa mirin waɗannan mata da dama komawa aikin saƙa darduma (kafet) wanda ke da wahala da kuma cin lokaci.

Wannan ɗaya ne daga cikin sana'o'in da gwamnatin Taliban ta amince wa mata su yi.

Shakila, mai shekara 22 ta kasance ɗalibai mai burin zama lauya, amma yanzu ita ce ke jagorantar sana'ar iyalinta na haɗa kafet.

"Ba za mu iya yin wani abu ba baya ga saƙa kafet," kamar yadda ta shaida wa BBC. "Babu wani aikin da za mu iya yi."

An yi baje-kolin ɗaya daga cikin kafet ɗin da Shakila da ƴan'uwanta mata biyu suka haɗa a wani bikin baje-koli a ƙasar Kazakhstan cikin shekarar 2024. Kafet ɗin mai girman murabba'in mita 13, an sayar da shi a kan kuɗi dala 18,000 amma ba su samu ko kwabo daga ribar da aka samu ba.

A Afghnanistan, dardumar da ake saƙawa ba ta cika yin kuɗi ba, abin da ya sanya masu aikin haɗa kafet ɗin ba su samun wani abin a zo a gani.

A ƙiyasi akan sayar da kafet ɗin da aka saka mai girman murabba'in mita ɗaya kan kuɗi dala 100 zuwa 150.

Shakila da ƴan'uwanta sun fito ne daga ƙabilar Dasht-e Barchi, marasa galihu da ke a wani ƙauye a yammacin Kabul, babban birnin ƙasar.

Suna haya ne a wani gida mai ɗaki biyu tare da iyayensu waɗanda suka tsufa da kuma ƴan'uwansu maza uku.

An mayar da ɗaki ɗaya zuwa wurin aikin hada kafet.

Shakila ta ce "na koyi saƙa kafet ne lokacin ina ƴar shekara 10 kuma mahaifina ne ya koya min a lokacin da yake jinya bayan hatsarin mota da ya samu."

Three young women wearing black and white headscarves sit cross-legged in front of a loom.
Bayanan hoto, Saƙa darduma ɗaya ce daga cikin sana'o'i ƙalilan da suka rage wa mata tun bayan da Taliban ya karɓe iko da ƙasara a 2021

Abin da a baya ya zamo wani abin da ta koya ba tare da ba shi muhimmanci ba yanzu ya zamo abin da iyalanta suka dogara da shi.

Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta ce kimanin ƴan Afghanistan miliyan ɗaya da rabi ne rayuwarsu ta dogara a kan sana'ar saƙa kafet, inda mata ke da kashi 90 cikin ɗari na masu yin sana'ar.

Ƴar'uwar Shakila mai shekara 18 a duniya, mai suna Samira ta kasance tana da burin zama ƴar jarida. Ita kuwa Mariam ƴar shekara 13, an dakatar da ita daga zuwa makaranta ne tun kafin ta fa burin zama wani abu.

Kafin zuwan Taliban,dukkanin yaran uku na karatu ne a makarantar Sayed al-Shuhada High School.

Amma an sauya musu rayuwa bayan mummunan tashin bama-bamai da aka samu a makarantar cikin shekarar 2021, lamarin da ya kashe mutum 90, mafi yawan su yara mata, sannan mutum 300 suka raunata.

Domin kauce wa yaran sa fa dawa cikin irin wannan yanayi, mahaifinsu ya ɗauki matakin cire su daga makaranta.

Two young women hunched over a loom, weaving a large carpet with their hands.
Bayanan hoto, Aikin saƙa kafet na buƙatar juriya da lokaci da kuma kulawa ta musamman
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Samira, wadda lamarin ya faru a lokacin da take makaranta ta fada cikin damuwa, inda takan sha wahala wajen yin magana ko kuma bayyana abin da ker anta. Amma har yanzu tana son komawa makaranta.

„Na so na kammala karatuna,” in ji ta. "Yanzu kuma Taliban na kan mulki, an samu kyautatuwar tsaro, babu hare-haren ƙunar baƙin wake kamar na baya.

"Amma an rufe makarantu. Shi ya sa ya zama wajibi mu yi aiki."

Gwamnatin da ta gabata ta zargi Taliban da laifin kai hare-haren, duk da cewa ƙungiyar ta musanta.

Shakila da Samira da Mariam sun yi amannar cewa gwamnatin yanzu "tana adawa da ilimin yara mata."

Taliban ta sha nanata cewa za ta bar yara mata su koma makaranta da zarar aka magance abubuwan da suke kokawa a kai, kamar sanya harkar addini a cikin manhajar – to amma har yanzu babu wani ƙwaƙƙwaran mataki da aka ɗauka na tabbatuwar hakan.

A wurin aiki na Elmak Baft da ke Kabul, mata 300 ne ke aiki a matse cikin wurin, babu isasshiyar iska.

A wani wurin kum,a yara mata 126 ne aka gwamatsa suna aiki.

Salehe Hassani na da shekara 19, kuma a baya ɗaliba ce mai mayar da hankali, ta kasance a makaranta har zuwa lokacin da ta kai shekara 17. Ta kwashe shekara biyu tana koyarwa har ma ta gwada yin aikin jarida na wata uku.

"Mu yara mata yanzu ba mu da damar yin karatu," in ji ta. "Halin da ake ciki ya hana mu samun wannan damar, shi ya sa muka koma aikin hannu."

Nisar Ahmad Hassieni, wearig a black surgical face mask, examines the work of two weavers by feeling it with his fingers.
Bayanan hoto, Mata da dama da ke sana'ar saƙa kafet an kore su ne daga makarantu da kuma aiki

Ma'aikatar kasuwanci da masana'antu ta Taliban ta bayyana cewa sama da darduma mai nauyin kilogiram miliyan 2.4, wadda kuɗinta ya kai dala miliyan 8.7 ne aka fitar daga ƙasar zuwa ƙasashe kamar Pakistan da Indiya da Austria da kuma Amurka a 2024.

Sai dai akwai ƙazanta a binne kan tsarin da ake bi wajen samun wannan nasara.

Masu saƙa dardumar sun ce sukan samu kimanin dala 27 kan saƙar kafet mai girman murabba'in mita ɗaya – wanda akan shafe kimanin wata ɗaya kafin a haɗa. Wannan na nufin ƙasa da dala ɗaya a rana duk da wahala da ɓata lokacin da ake yi wajen saƙar, inda a kullum za a iya kwashe sa'a 10 zuwa 12 ana aiki.

Shugaban kamfanin Elmak Baft, Nisar Ahmad Hussiene ya ce yakan biya masu saƙar tsakanin dala 39 zuwa 42 kan saƙa kafet mai murabba'in kilomita ɗaya. Ya yi iƙirarin cewa ana biyan su a duk bayan mako biyu, kuma suna yin aiki ne sa'o'i 8 a rana.

Six women wearing headscarves sit cross-legged on the floor around a dinner table.
Bayanan hoto, Duk da halin da suke ciki, mata na kan bakarsu, inda suke tattaunawa kan abin da suke son su zama a sirrance

Ya ƙara da cewa bayan dawowar gwamnatin Taliban, kamfaninsa ya yanke shawarar tallafa wa waɗanda aka kora daga makaranta.

"Mun samar da wuraren saƙa kafet guda uku," in ji shi.

"Ana fitar da kimanin kashi 50-60 cikin ɗari na wannan kafet ɗin zuwa ƙasar Pakistan, sauran kuma ana turawa China, da Amurka da Turkiyya da Faransa da kuma Rasha."

Tun daga shekara ta 2020, tattalin arziƙin Afghanistan ya tsuke da kimanin kashi 29%, inda hana mata ayyuka ya haifar da asarar abin da ya kai dala biliyan ɗaya, in ji shirin ci gaban ƙasashe na MDD.

A 2020, kashi 19% kacal na ma'aikatan Afghanistan ne mata – inda maza suka nunka sus au huɗu – kuma yawan ya ƙara raguwa a mulkin Taliban.

Sai dai duk da wannan ƙalubale, guyawun waɗannan mata ba su karaya ba.