Ko Amurka ta yi nasara a kutsen soji da ta yi a Gabas ta Tsakiya?

A watan Mayun da ya gabata Shugaban Amurka Donald Trump ya soki lamirin manufofin shugabannin ƙasar da suka gabace shi na yawan shiga ƙasashen ƙetare da ƙarfin soji.

"A ƙarshe ƙasar da ke iƙirarin gina ƙasashen duniya, ta lalata ƙasashe fiye da gina su," a cewarsa, yana nuni da samamen da Amurka ta ƙaddamar kan Iraqi a shekarar 2003.

"Sannan kuma masu shiga tsakani da kai ɗaukin sojojin Amurkan al'umma masu wuyar sha'ani, da ba su fahimce su ba," a cewar sa.

A waɗannan kalamai da ya yi lokacin da ya kai ziyara Riyadh babban birnin Saudiyya, wasu masu sharhi na gan katsalandan ɗin Amurka a yankin yayin wa'adin mulkin Trump ɗin na biyu zai zama abin tarihi da ba za a kuma ganin irinsa ba a nan gaba.

Bayan wata ɗaya kuma, sai ga shi Amurka ta kai hari kan cibiyoyin nukiliyar Iran, wanda hakan ya shigar da Washington cikin rikicin da ke tsakanin Isra'ila da Iran.

Harin da Amurka da Isra'ila suka kai wani yunƙuri ne na kawo ƙarshen shirin nukiliyar Iran.

"Manufarmu ita ce lalata shirin nukiliya da Iran ke da shi, tare da kawar da barazanar da Iran ke yi wa duniya da makamin saboda fargabar da muke da ita, kuma hakan ka iya tallafa wa ta'addanci," a cewar Trump jim kaɗan bayan kai harin.

Tarihi ya nuna cewa a duk lokacin da ƙasashen Yamma suka kutsa kai don warware wata matsala ba komai ne ke tafiya yadda aka tsara ba.

A cewar marubucin nan ɗan Amurka kuma ɗan asalin Lebanon Fawaz Gerges, farfesa a siyasar yankin Gabas ta Tsakiya da harkokin ƙasashen waje, a Cibiyar Nazarin Tattalin Arziki da Siyasa, ta London School of Economics and Political Science, kai ɗaukin sojojin Amurka, wata alaka mara yankewa da yankin Gabas ta Tsakiya tun 1940.

"Harin baya-bayan nan da Amurka ta kai da jiragen yaƙi kan Iran, wani ƙarin misali ne na irin wannan manufa.

Kamar yadda wani mawallafin littafi mai suna Hakiƙanin mai ya faru: Yammaci da Taɓarɓarewar Dimokaradiya, a Gabas ta Tsakiya, wato "What Really Went Wrong: The West and the Failure of Democracy in the Middle East, ya shaida wa BBC.

Ina Amurka za ta kuma kai hari da kuma abubuwan da za su biyo baya?

Juyin mulki a Iran

A shekarar 1953, aka hamɓarar da firaiministan Iran Mohammad Mossadeq, a wani juyin mulki da sojojin Iran suka yi da goyan bayan Amurka da Birtaniya.

Mossadeq ya yi mulki ne tsawon shekara biyu, da burin mayar da sarrafa man fetur ɗin ƙasar.

Hakan sai ya zama barazanar kwaminisanci, ga Birtaniya da Amurka, wanda tattalin arzikin ƙasar ya ta'alaka akai bayan yaƙi.

Da fari dai na bayyana shi a mataayin juyin-juya-hali na nuna goyan bayan sake dawo da Shah Mohammad Reza Pahlabi, da masu tayar da kayar baya da ke samun goyan bayan hukumomin leken asiri na Birtaniya da Amurka.

A shekarar 2000, Sakatariyar harkokin cikin gida ta Amurka Madeleine Albright, ta yi bayani ƙarara kan irin rawar da ta taka a juyin mulkin da aka yi.

Haka ma dai a 2009, tsohon shugaban Amurka Barack Obama, a wani jawabi da ya gabatar da birnin Alkahira na Masar, ya yi bayanin irin rawar da Washington ta taka a abin da ya faru.

Haka kuma, a karon farko a shekarar 2013, wato shekaru 60 bayan da aka yi juyin mulkin, hukumar leƙen asirin Amurka ta CIA, ta wallafa wasu bayanai da a ƙarshe ke futo da bayanin da ke nuna ta ɗauki alhakin taka rawa a juyin mulkin.

"Juyin mulkin sojin, an gudanar da shi ne, bisa tsarin hukumar ta CIA ta Amurka, a matsayin wata manufar harkokin wajen Amurka," a cewar wasu bayanai daga cikin kundin, da ofishin tattara bayanan harkokin tsaron ƙasar ya wallafa.

Farfesa Gerges ya yi da'awar cewar rikicin da ke tsakanin Amurka da Iran, ya samo asali ne, daga kai ɗaukin sojojin Amurka a yankin.

"Iran ba za ta taɓa yafe wa Amurka ba kan hamɓarar da zaɓaɓen firaminista zaɓɓaɓe a dimokaraɗiyar tare da ɗora ɗan kama-karaya, a matsayin shugaban ƙasar," kamar yadda ya yi bayani.

"Ƙin jinin Amurka da Iraniyawa ke yi, ya samo asali ne saboda yadda manyan ƴan siyasar ƙasar, suka ɗora alhakin hakan a kan Amurka, saboda sauyin da suka kawo musu a tsarin siyasar ta Iran."

Farfesa Gerges ya kuma yi ƙarin hasken cewar Amurka ta yi ƙoƙarin yin katsa-ladan kan manufofin shugaban ƙasar Masar Gamal Abdel Nasser, na sauya shirinsa na cigaban ƙasar, amma ba su samu wata cikakkiyar nasara ba.

Tallafin Amurka ga masu tsattsauran ra'ayin Musulunci a Afghanistan

A shekarar 1979, sojojin Tarayyar Soviet (Rasha) sun shiga Afghanistan don tallafa wa gwamnatin kwaminisanci, wadda ta hau mulki a farkon shekarar.

Sai dai Soviet ta fuskanci turjiya daga masu tsattsauran ra'ayin Musulunci da aka fi sani da Mujahideen.

Ƙungiyar ta haɗa da masu iƙirarin jihadi, da masu tsattsauran ra'ayin ƙin gwamnatin kwaminisanci da ke samun tallafin Amurka, da Pakistan, da China, da Saudiyya.

A lokacin da ake tsaka da ƙazamin yaƙin, Amurka na daga cikin ƙasashen da suka riƙa bayar da akasarin makamai da kuɗaɗe ga Afghanistan don haifar da cikas ga manufar Soviet a ƙasar.

Bisa dogaro da wasu takardu na sirri da aka kwarmata, da binciken ƙwaƙƙwafi na ƴan jarida, da bayanan da aka fitar bayan wasu shekaru, Amurka ta ɗana wa Tarayyar Soviet tarko a Afganistan ta ƙarƙashin ƙasa ta yadda za a laƙume rayuka da kayan aiki, kamar yadda sojojin Amurka suka jure a yaƙin Vietnam.

An kira wannan shiri da suna Operation Cyclone, tare da bayyana shi a fagen yada labarai a matsayin, "atisaye mafi girma na hukumar leƙen asirin Amurka ta CIA, da aka taɓa yi a tarihi."

Tsohon shugaban Amurka Ronald Reagan ya taɓa karɓar wakilan shugabannin masu iƙirarin jihadin a babban ofishin shugaban ƙasar na White house.

A 1988, bayan sulhun da aka yi bayan gwamman shekaru da mamaya, Shugaban Soviet Mikhail Gorbachev ya fara janye dakarunsa daga Afganistan, inda dakarun Soviet na ƙarshe suka janye daga ƙasar a farkon shekarar 1989.

Sai dai jim kaɗan kuma sai ƙasar ta shiga yaƙin basasa, tsakanin bangaren da ke jayayya da gwamnatin ƙasar, ba tare da tallafin Soviet ba, kuma ba a jima ba ta rushe.

Daga nan ne kuma aka samu ɓullar Taliban, wadda magoya bayanta ke biyayya ga tsarin shari'ar Musulunci irin ta fahimtarsu.

Da yawa daga cikin shugabanninta sun kasance a ƙarƙashin ƙungiyar Mujahideen a lokacin da aka yi yaƙi da Soviet, sannan kuma ta samu gudunmawa daga Amurka da sauran makamai.

Kuma, bayan da yaƙin soviet da Afganistan ya ƙare, wasu ƴan mazan-jiya, da suka yi yaƙin suka kafa Al-Qaeda, sun yi bayanin gwagwarmayar da suka yi wajen faɗaɗa ƙungiyar masu tsattsauran ra'ayin addinin Islama, a Afganistan da wajenta.

Taliban ta ce ta samar da wannan ƙungiya tare da shugabanta Osama bin Laden, wanda suka kitsa harin da aka kai wa Amurka a ranar 11 ga watan Satumbar 2001.

Waleed Hazbun Farfesa ne kan tarihin yankin Gabas ta Tsakiya a sashen Kimiyyar Siyasa a jami'ar Alabama da ke Amurka, yana da ra'ayin cewar a lokacin da ake ƙazamin yaƙin, Amurka ta bayar da agajin sojoji a yakin, wanda za a iya bayyana shi da " yunƙurin dawo da daidaito".

"Sun so samar da su ne don ƙalubalantar ƴan hamayya a siyasance, don kare manufofin Amurka, da ƙawayenta," kamar dai yadda ya shaida wa BBC.

Farfesa Hazbun ya ce hadakar sojin da Amurka ta jagoranta a yaƙin tekun Fasha da aka yi daga shekarar 1990 zuwa 1991 na iya zama misali.

"Yunƙuri ne na mayar da martani na mamayar da Iraqi ta yi a Kuwait.

A nan ne Kuwait ta dawo da ikonta kan yankunanta, sannan bayan yaƙin, aka tattauna tsakanin hukumomin Amurka da shugabanin da ke yankin don samar da hanyoyin da za a kula da buƙatun tsaro."

Sai dai kuma Farfesa Hazbun ya yarda da cewar akwai wata hanyar ta daban da ya kamata a ce an fara a ƙarƙashin gwamantin Clinton.

"Manufar ita ce sake fasalin tsaron yankin da zai kare buƙatar Amurka, da muke hangen da take yi ta samar da wasu tsare-tsare a yankin, a cewarsa.

"Wannan ya haɗa da, mayar da hankali kan samar da zaman lafiya, da daidaita dangantakar Isra'ila da ƙasashen Labarawa, saboda ɗaukacin Larabawa na nesanta kansu daga Amurka da Isra'ila.

Sannan su ci gaba da shawo kan Iran da Iraqi ta hanyar amfani da ƙarfin soji da sanya takunkumi.

A wasu lokutan, kai ɗaukin sojojin Amurka na tafiya tare da bai wa Isra'ila tallafi da aka bayyana shi da "babu wani sharaɗi", daga shugabanin na Amurka.

Tun bayan yaƙin duniya na biyu, Isra'ila ta kasance ƙasar da ta fi samun tallafin ƙasashen waje daga Amurka, inda take karɓar biliyoyin dala duk shekara.

Komawa Afghanistan don korar Taliban

A cikin watan Oktoban 2001, Amurka ta jagoranci mamaye Afganistan, inda ta ce za ta kori Taliban da mara wa dimokaraɗiyya baya, da kawar da barazanar da Al-Qaeda ke yi ga ƙasar sakamakon hare-haren da ta kai wa Amurkan a cikin watan Satumba.

Amurka ta yi saurin kama Kabul, babban birnin ƙasar.

Dakarun Nato sun kasance a ƙasar daga 2003, inda suka bai wa dakarun tsaron Afghanistan horo, da yaƙi a matsayin mayaƙan sa-kai.

Bayan shekaru uku, sabuwar gwamnatin Afganistan ta hau mulki, amma kuma Taliban ta ci gaba da kai munanan hare-hare.

A shekarar 2009, tsohon shugaban Amurka Barak Obama ya sanar da ƙara dakarun da za su taimaka wajen murƙushe Taliban, amma ba na tsawon lokaci ba.

Ƙashen shekarar 2014 ya kasance shekarar da ta fi muni baya ga 2001, inda dakarun Nato suka kawo ƙashen aikinsu, tare da miƙa ragamar harkokin tsaron yankin a hannun dakarun Afghanistan.

Hakan ya sa aka ga Taliban ta ƙara samun iko da wasu yankunan ƙasar.

A shekarar 2015, ƙungiyar ta yi ta ci gaba da karɓe iko da ƙarfi, inda ta riƙa kai hare-hare na ƙunar-baƙin-wake.

Ta dauki alhakin hare-haren da aka kai kan ginin majalisar ƙasar a Kabul da ke kusa da babban filin jirgin saman ƙasar da ke babba birnin.

Daga ƙarshe gwamantin Biden ta yanke shawarar janye dakarun Amurka daga Afghanistan a watan Afirilun 2021, bayan shafe shekaru 20 da mamaye ƙasar da Amurka ta yi.

Mataki ne da ke cike da ka-ce-na-ce da ya haifar da fadawar Kabul hannun Taliban, kuma ya janyo ra'ayoyi daban-daban, da abubuwan da suka faru a kudancin Vietnam a shekarar 1975.

Da hakan ne Taliban, ta samu makaman soji, wanda da yawa daga cikinsu Amurka ce ta samar, a cewar wani jami'i a Afganistan da ya nemi a sakaya sunansa.

Wani rahoton Majalisar dinkin duniya na 2023 ya nuna cewar Taliban ta bar dakarun ƙauyuka da su ci gaba da kula da kashi 20 cikin ɗari na makaman Amurka da suka ƙwace.

Hakan ya sa kasuwar bayan fage ke daraja, sakamakon wannan mataki.