Amakete y'urukundo rubujijwe atigeze ashikira abo agenewe hagati ya Maroc na Espagne

Amakete yafashwe yari yandikiwe abagabo b'abanya-Maroc n'abagore bo muri Espagne mu myaka mirongo iheze arahishura kahise k'urukundo rwagizwe ibitavugwa mu gihe c'ubukoroni.

''Uzogaruka muri Espagne ryari? '' Uko niko umwe yari yanditse abaza nk'uwutakamba, ikimenyetso c'ingene iryo kete ryari rikomeye kuri Carmela.

''Mbwira ko ata wundi mugore n'umwe uriko uraraba,'' niko yanditse ari Grenade mu 1944.

Ariko abagabo ayo majambo yari agenewe ntibigeze bayabona ngo bayasome. Ikete rya Carmela ry'urukundo mpuzamakungu ntiryigeze rishika iyo ryari rigenewe kuja muri Maroc.

Ahubwo, amaherezo yaryo yabaye ukunyegezwa mu bubiko bw'ivya kera vya Espagne, mu murundo w'ubutumwa bw'urukundo hagati y'abagore bo muri Espagne n'abagabo bo muri Maroc.

Ayo makete yafashwe hagati ya 1930 na 1950, yerekana imigenderanire y'urukundo yari ibujijwe.

Mu kiringo c'imyaka myinshi, abategetsi ba gikoroni bategeka Maroc nta kete nk'iryo ryabarengana.

Aho arunze huzuye amajambo y'urukundo rw'agahebuza: ''Naragusariye... Ndi nk'impene (ihene) yawe,'' niko umugore umwe wo muri Velence yandika.

Amwe arimwo amafoto. Muri yo mafoto yashirwa imbere mw'ikete ku rindi, hari ayerekana abagore bifotoje basokoje neza kugira bibutse abakunzi babo ingene basa. Umwe yarungitse ifoto yiwe ariko aratwara ikinga, icerekana ubuzima buryoshe bwa minsi yose.

Yose yarabitswe neza mu mabahasha n'abanyabiro bari bazi ico bakora, mu nyuma yibagirirwa mu zindi mpapuro zisanzwe z'akazi.

Yaragumye ngaho aruzurako umukungugu gushika aho atorewe agashirwa ahabona n'abigisha bakaba n'abashakashatsi ba kaminuza Josep LluísMateo Dieste na Nieves Muriel García.

Rimwe ryose muri ayo makete ryerekana agace gato k'imigenderanire ikomeye, ariko rimwe ryose kandi ryerekana ingene iyo migenderanire yanigirwa mu menshi.

Abategetsi ba Espagne barakora ivyo bashobora vyose kugira iyo migenderanire ntishoboke.

Nk'uko ingingo imwe yavuga mu 1937: '' Nk'itegeko rusangi, ugushingirana hagati y'abasirikare b'Abanya-Maroc n'abagore b'Abanya-Espagne gutegerezwa kubuzwa.''

Kuva mu 1912, Espagne yari yigaruriye igice ca Maroc, ikindi gitwarwa n'Ubufaransa.

Abagwanyi b'aba Berber baragerageje kubigwanya, na cane cane mu ntambara ikomeye kandi yaguyemwo abantu benshi izwi nk'intambara ya Rif hagati ya 1921 na 1926, yahoneje abasirikare ba Espagne bikozwe n'ingabo zari zirongowe na Abdelkrim al-Khattabi.

Reta ya Espagne yaciye yongereza igitigiri c'ingabo zayo muri Maroc yongera yinjiza Abanya-Maroc benshi mu gisirikare cayo.

Mu myaka ya 1930, agace karekare mu buraruko bw'igihugu, kuva ku nkengera y'ibiharari Atllantique gushika Asilah uri hafi yo gushika ku rubibe na Algeria mu buseruko, kari gasigaye kangenzurwa vyuzuye na Espagne, umugwa mukuru ukaba Tetouan.

Mu makambi ya gisirikare yo muri iyo ntara mu 1936, niho Gen Francisco Franco yatangirije itembagazwa rya reta y'aba Repuburika (Republicains), aca atanguza intambara yo hagati muri Espagne.

Igihe intambara yari ishushe, bukwi na bukwi abagabo b'Abanya-Maroc bari bashizwe mu ngabo za Espagne bararungitswe barajabuka muri Espagne bajanye n'ingabo za Franco.

Uretse abasirikare, abanyeshure, abacuruzi n'abandi bakozi nabo barajabutse basanga basigaye baba muri ico gihugu, mu bisagara no mu bindi bice vyo mu gihugu hagati.

Kanatsinda, bitandukanye n'ibindi bihugu vy'ubukoroni bwa Buraya, Maroc na Espagne biregeranye cane - aha mbere hato mu bwaguke mu ngobane ya Gibraltar, inkengera ya Maroc iri ku birometero 14 gusa uvuye ku nkengera y'ubumanuko bw'agasunwa ko mu mazi ka Espagne (Peninsule Iberique).

Aho bagiye hose, abagabo b'Abanya-Maroc barahuye n'abagore b'Aba-Espanyole.

Muri Salamanca, umugore yahawe izina rya Concha yarahuye na Nasar, umusirikare w'umunya-Maroc yakorera hafi y'aho.

Mu rukundo rwamutesheje umutwe, yarandikiye abakuru biwe kugira batange uruhusha bashingirwe mu 1938. Ariko abategetsi ba gikoroni ba Espagne bo babona ko imigenderanire nk'iyo itegerezwa kubuza.

Beretse Concha ko abashisha cane, bamubwira ko ashaje, ari ''mubi, avyibushe nk'imvubu kandi acumbagira bukebuke''.

Baketse ko Nasar yari yerekanye ko abishaka kuko Concha yari afise inzu, ari naco cavyuye ''ikirunga c'urukundo rwiwe''.

Abategetsi bari bafise amabwiriza yo gushiraho ''intambanyi nyinshi zishoboka'' kugira iyo migenderanire ntishoboke ''kandi batayibujije ku mugaragaro''. nk'uko ingingo imwe yabivuga mu 1937.

Kubera intwaro ya Franco yazera vyinshi ku buyoboke bw'abasirikare b'Abanya-Maroc, ntiyatuma iyo migenderanire ija kubiri n'amategeko ku mugaragaro. Ahubwo, bashizeho indiri y'uburyo bw'ingene idashoboka mu ngiro.

Nk'akarorero, nk'umugore afashwe ariko arandikira umugabo w'umunya-Maroc, yaca abuzwa kwinjira muri Maroc.

Akenshi baranabuza uwo mugabo w'umunya-Maroc kwinjira muri Espagne, bigatuma imigenderanire yabo idashoboka.

Mu 1948, harafashwe ikete hagati ya Carmen w'i Saragoza yandikiye umukunzi wiwe Abdeselam wo muri Maroc. Abategetsi i Tetouan buno nyene baciye bababuza umwe wese kujabuka aja ku rundi ruhande.

Muri iryo kete, Carmen yatanga amakuru y'umukobwa wabo, kuva ico gihe yari agiye kuzokura adasubiye kubona se wiwe. Abategetsi ntibigeze biyumvira uwo mwana.

Kuki babona nabi cane iyo migenderanire?

Uruhande rumwe rw'inyishu ruri mu buryo intwaro z'igikenye zigenza.

Intwaro ya Franco yari intwaro idaha agaciro abagore, yagenzura cane iyo umugore aja n'iyo ava kandi ikababuza kuronka akazi.

Yibona kandi nk'iyirwanira ubu-Katolika, kubera rero imvo z'idini, abagore barongorwa n'abagabo b'aba Islam babonwa ''nk'abatakaye mu kwemera''.

Ariko imvo rudende [rukumbi] nyamukuru yari ico abategetsi bita ''prestigio de raza'', ''kibirengeye c'ubwoko''.

Kugirango ubutegetsi bw'ubukoroni bubandanye, Espagne yategerezwa kuboneka nk'iyisumba Maroc.

Mu gihe reta yumva ko ukwubakana ari ukwicisha bugufi kw'umugore imbere y'umugabo, kurongora umugore wo mu ruhande rwo mu bukoroni kwari ugutuma umugore w'umu-Espanyole yicisha bugufi imbere y'umugabo w'umunya-Maroc.

Ivyo biramutse bimenyekanye, vyaba vyononye ishingiro ryose ry'ubwiganze kw'ubukoroni.

Ku rundi ruhande ariko, imigenderanire hagati y'abagabo b'aba-Espanyole n'abagore b'Abanya-Maroc, mbere yari inarwiriye muri Maroc, nta wayitaho canke ngo ayigenzure cane mu gihe yafasha mu gukomeza ububasha bw'ubutegetsi biciye ku rugero rw'imigenderanire y'umuntu ku wundi kandi itabubangamiye.

Ivyo ntivyari vyihariye kuri Espagne yonyene: ubwoba bw'uko abagore b'abanyaburaya bagira imigenderanire n'abagabo mu bihugu vy'ubukoroni bwari mu ntwaro zose z'ubukoroni bw'Abanyaburaya.

Mu gice ca Maroc cagenzurwa n'Ubufaransa, abategetsi berekana ukutihanganira nk'uko nyene ingaruka za politike z'imigenderanire bene iyo.

Abanya-Hollande mu East Indies n'Abongereza mu Buhindi babona ko imigenderanire hagati y'abagore b'Abanyaburaya n'abagabo bo mu bukoroni yari ibangamye cane kurusha iy'abagabo b'Abanyaburaya n'abagore bo mu bukoroni, bigatuma bayigenzura cane.

Mu gihe ingingo zo guca intege iyo migenderanire zava mu kutabishima gushika kubibuza imbona nkubone, icabituma ariko kitavugirwa ahabona cari kimwe: bene iyo migenderanire yari ibangamye.

Ayo makete, yamara, ahishura ko munsi y'icagaragara nk'igenzurwa rikomeye ry'ubugetesi bw'ubukoroni, haba imigenderanire itandukanye: ubugenzi, kureshanya, guhuza ibitsina hamwe no gushingiranwa.

Kwugurura ayo makete biraryoshe cane -n'akadirisha ko kurabiramwo ubuzima inyandiko z'icese ataco zigera zitubwirako. Ariko kandi biranababaje. Menshi muri ayo makete ntiyegeze ashika iyo yategerezwa kuja. Bisa nk'uko umenga n'ukwinjiira mu buzima bwite bwa bene yo, kuko abo bantu ntibigeze bahitamwo kuba bari muri izo nyandiko za kahise.

Aho Maroc ironkeye intahe yo kwikukira mu 1956, ubutegetsi bw'ubukoroni i Tetouan bwaciye bwugara burataha, kandi nyinshi mu nyandiko zo mu bubiko bw'ivya kera zaribagiwe.

Nyinshi zajanwe hafi ya Madrid, mu nyandiko z'intwaro zishizwe mu bubiko mu gisagara ca kaminuza ca Alcalá de Henares aho - co kimwe na kahise k'ubukoroni bwa Espagne muri Afrika - zibagiriwe.

Ariko n'ubwo hari amwe muri ayo makete yashizwe ahabona ubu vuba, inkuru zayo ntizizwi cane, kandi izo nyandiko zo mu bubiko zari zaribagiwe ntizirahishura ibinyegezwa vyayo vyose.

Dr Arthur Asseraf n'umuhinga wa kahise k'Ubufaransa bwa none, Afrika y'Uburaruko na Mediteranee.

Ibigereranyo vy'amafoto ni ivya Matt Thomas; aho amafoto yavuye ni muri Getty Images.