Uko ubwoba bw’umuriro kirimbuzi bwari bwarashegeshe Isi

Mu myaka ya mbere y’ubushakashatsi ku ngufu kirimbuzi, abahanga bamwe bari bafite ubwoba ko gusatura ‘atomes’ bishobora gutangiza uruhererekane rw’ingufu zishobora guhita zirimbura Isi.

Mu igerageza rya mbere ry’umushinga w’igisasu kirimbuzi wiswe Manhattan Project wari uyobowe na Robert Oppenheimer, abahanga muri siyanse bari bafite impungenge ko kugerageza icyo gisasu bishobora no gukongeza ikirere n’isi yose igakongoka.

Edward Teller, ni umwe mu ba mbere bavuze izo mpungenge zabo mu 1942. Byagiweho impaka, ariko abahanga muri siyanse banzura ko ibyo “bisa n’ibidashoboka”.

Gusa ubwoba bukomeye nk’ubu mu gihe cy’imyaka za mirongo bwabanjirije imihate ifatika yo gukora ibisasu kirimbuzi, icyo gihe kuri benshi gukora ubushakashatsi nk’ubwo kuri ‘atome’ (uduce/agace fatizo k’ibanze kagize ikintu) byari nk’inkuru idashoboka.

Nubwo kugereranya ubuhanga bushya bwa none nka Artificial Intelligence n’intwaro kirimbuzi bishobora kuba ari ugukabya, impungenge byombi bigitangira byateje zavuye ku mpuha zateye ubwoba n’amatsiko cyane hari isomo biduha uyu munsi ku ikoranabuhanga rigenda riza.

Cyera cyane, umuhanga w’Umuromani uzwi nka Pliny the Elder yabonye ko, urebye ibishobora kugurumana biri ku Isi, buri munsi utambutse uba ari igitangaza kuba itarashya. Ariko mu gihe kirekire cyane gishize buri wese yumvaga ko – nubwo ibintu bishobora gushya – ‘atome’ biremyemo zihoraho, zikomeye, kandi zidashobora gusenyuka. Ariko mu ntangiriro z’imyaka ya 1900 ubwo umuhanga Marie Curie yarekaga Isi ubuhanga bwa radioactivity, iyo mitekerereze yahise ihinduka.

Radioactivity – yasobanurwa muri macye nk’uburyo atomes zifitemo ubushobozi bwo kurekura igice kimwe cy’ingufu zazo.

Ibyo Curie yavumbuye, mu buryo butari bwitezwe, byerekanye ubwoko bw’ingufu ziri ahantu zitsikamiwe, nko munsi y’ubutaka. Gusa uko zitatana, zitera impinduka runaka. Kandi ‘atomes’ zose ziriyo, uko byatanzweho ibitekerezo, zigira izo mbaraga. Ibyo ni ibyavumbuwe n’umwirabura w’umunyamerika w’umuhanga muri siyanse C H Turner mu 1905.

Bivuze ko icyo kibazo kiri ukwacyo – nubwo ari munsi y’ubutaka – cyuzuriranyemo ingufu, ibi bihita bibwira abahanga muri siyanse ko umubumbe wacu ushobora kuba ari “nk’imbabura” ya ‘dynamite’ (ibintu biturika kenshi bigizwe n’ibinyabutabire bya ammonium nitrate cyangwa cellulose nitrate).

Mbere gato mu 1903, Frederick Soddy, umwe mu bashinze ubugenge ku ngufu kirimbuzi (nuclear phyisics), yanditse ko ikintu cyari gikenewe gusa ari umuhanga muri siyanse w’inkubaganyi gukongeza “ikibatsi nyacyo” maze agashumika “ya mbabura” n’uruhererekane rwa za ngufu.

Ibi yabyanzuye mu nyandiko ye, yari irimo ibiboneka nko gushaka gutangaza no gutungura abasomyi be. (Soddy yari afitemo akantu ko gukabya).

Ibitekerezo ko imibumbe ishobora guturika bihera igihe abahanga mu by’isanzure batangiraga gukora ubushakashatsi ku gisobanuro cy’umwanya udasanzwe uri hagati ya Mars na Jupiter: icyo cyanya mu isanzure cyuzuyemo uduce tw’ibisigazwa by’imibumbe. Gusa ariko n’ubundi nta mbaraga zizwi zishobora gushwanyaguza ingano y’umubumbe wose. Ariko Soddy mu 1993 yavuze ko ‘radioactivity’ ya atome yo ishobora guhindura ibyo.

Hatarashira igihe kinini Soddy avuze ibyo, Ernest Rutherford bafatanyaga ubushakashatsi nawe yatangaje ibisa nk’ibyo kandi byakiriwe binakwizwa n’ibinyamakuru bitandukanye.

“Umusazi wese”, nk’uko Rutherford yabivuze, “urimo gukubagana muri laboratoire” ashobora “guturitsa ibyo Isi itazi”. Nyuma nanone Soddy we yavuze ko hari umuntu ushobora “kugera ku kintu” gifite ubushobozi bwo “gushwanyuza Isi”.

Izindi nkuru ushobora gusoma:

Iki cyari igihe iby’ubugenge bw’ingufu kirimbuzi byari bigitangira rwose. Iyi siyanse yari imaze umwaka umwe gusa. Ibi bavuze rero bisa n’ibintu bitari bifite ishingiro: byasaga n’amagambo kurusha siyanse ifatika. Bisa nk’aho Soddy na Rutherford bari bagamije gusa kwerekana ko hari icyo bazi muri iyi siyanse.

Mu by’ukuri n’ahandi, abandi bashakashatsi basaga n’abarimo kurushanwa gutangaza ibintu bidasanzwe, bagereranya ingufu z’agace kanzinya ka uranium, na toni nyinshi z’ingufu zisanzwe. Iki cyari igihe cyo kwiyerekana kw’abahanga muri siyanse; kurata ubwenge, gukanga, no kwemeza rubanda.

Guhera icyo gihe izo nkuru zarafashe. Mu mpera za 1903, ibinyamakuru byandikaga ku “gukora ku rufunguzo rushobora guturitsa Isi yose” ku ruherereka rwa ‘radioactivity’ za atomes. Izi nkuru zaje gukomera cyane zikwira hose kubera ibinyamakuru bisanzwe n’ibya siyanse.

Ubwoba bw’abari bakuriye ‘Manhattan Project’

Mu 1909, umuhanga mu miterere y’isi John Joly yongeye ikirungo muri za nkuru zacaga ibintu. Yavuze ko kuba bishoboka ko isi yaturika bisobanurwa kandi n’inyenyeri nshya ziboneka rimwe na rimwe mu kirere cya nijoro.

Abandi bo bavuze ko izo nyenyeri wenda ari indi mibumbe iri kure cyane, ko yaba ikomoka ku kundi guturika ahandi kure mu isanzure. “Guturika babonye ku nyenyeri” mu isanzure, nk’uko babivugaga, gushobora kuba kwarazanye ibyo bamwe bahuje n’ubuzima bw’ibindi binyabuzima bise ‘aliens’ ku yindi mibumbe.

Uko imyaka yagiye ishira, abahanga muri siyanse bakomeje ubushakashatsi kuri ibi. Umuhanga mu butabire (chimie) Walter Nernst mu 1921 yagereranyije inyoko muntu n’udusimba tuba hejuru ku mupira wuzuyemo ubumara bw’imbunda, ko dushobora kurimbuka mu kanya gato “igihe washyirwaho ikibatsi”.

Abatubuzi bo batije umurindi ibi bitekerezo. Mu 1924, enjeniyeri wo muri Sheffield University yirase ko agiye kubasha gusatura ‘atoms’. (Yari azi cyane kwimenyekanisha, mbere yari yarabonetse mu nyandiko avuga ko yavumbuye “umurasire (rayon/ray) w’urupfu”).

Izindi nazo wasoma:

Abanyamakuru baho ibi babifatiye hejuru cyane, bavuga ko ubushakashatsi bwe bushobora gutuma uretse na Sheffield ahubwo n’Isanzure yose “itumuka” ikaba umwuka.

Uyu enjeniyeri yakiriye amabaruwa menshi amwingiga ngo ntabigerageze. Umwe yaramwandikiye ati: “Wenda iyo uba uri umugabo wubatse ufite abana, ntiwari kuba ushishikariye icyo kintu gishobora kurimbura inyoko muntu.”

Izi ngingo zahinduye ijwi ry’izi nkuru mu myaka za mirongo yakurikiyeho, ubwo intwaro kirimbuzi zatangiye gukorwa, amaherezo haboneka ukuri kw’ibintu.

Ariko abagiye gutangira umushinga wa Manhattan wo gukora no kugerageza igisasu kirimbuzi muri Amerika ubwoba n’impungenge bari bafite birekanwa n’aho bagiye kubikorera.

Ni iki cyavanwa muri ibi byose? Icya mbere na mbere byerekana ko ubwoba bw’abari bakuriye umushinga wa Manhattan butavuye ku busa.

Birashoboka cyane ko ubwoba bari bafite mu igerageza ryabo babuvanaga muri za ngingo zatanzwe kandi zigakwira hose zikanemerwa, ko ubugenge bukoresha atome bushobora gushumika Isi igakongoka yose. Ibi byose byari bishingiye ahanini ku bushakashatsi bwa Soddy bwakwiriye hose mu myaka 40 mbere ya ‘Manhattan Project’.

Wenda Soddy ntiyari akwiye kuba yarabikabirije. Cyangwa se Rutherford ntiyari akwiye kubishimangira, ariko wenda iyo nabo batabikora ntibyari gutera amatsiko Robert Oppenheimer wari ukuriye umushinga wa Manhattan.

Ubwoba bwacu buri gihe ntabwo buva ku bintu bifite ishingiro gusa. Bunava no ku bintu byabaye impamo hambere, bikagibwaho impaka, bigafatwa nk’ukuri kw’ibishoboka. Igitekerezo kidafite ishingiro gishobora kwaduka kigahinduka ihame n’ukuri mu bitekerezo byacu kuko cyemejwe na benshi, kugeza ubwo habaye ubushakashatsi bukivuguruza nticyongere kwemerwa.

Birashoboka ko muri iki gihe impungenge n’ubwoba bihoraho nabyo byafata umwanya muri ubu buryo, kubera ibintu byemewe mbere, ku mpamvu rimwe na rimwe cyangwa kenshi zidafite ishingiro.

Ibi nibyo bitera abahanga gukurikiranira hafi ubuhanga bwa Artificial Intelligence buteye impungenge n’ubwoba bamwe. Uko biri kose, ubwoba bw’ingufu kirimbuzi bwerekanye uburyo inkuru mpimbano zidafite ibimenyetso bifatika zihinduka ukuri kwemerwa vuba vuba kurusha uko benshi babyibaza.

Gusa nanone tugomba guhora turi maso ku buryo imico yacu ishobora guhindura neza cyangwa nabi ibyo twibaza n’impungenge zacu ku hazaza. Ubwo igerageza rya mbere ry’intwaro kirimbuzi ryabaga nta muntu wari witeze ingano y’ingufu kirimbuzi zabonetse mu by’ukuri.

Birashoboka ko ari isomo ku kaga ko gukabiriza ubushobozi bwa Artificial Intelligence, nubwo bwose ari ingenzi ko abantu bagomba guhorana amatsiko no gushaka kumenya, cyane cyane, ibishobora gushyira Isi mu kaga.