Indwi Nyeranda: Ingene igihano co kubambwa ku musaraba caje n’aho catanguriye

Umunyaporitike akongera akaba n’umunyabwenge (philosophe) w’Umuromani Cicero yabona ko ukubambwa ari co gihano “conyene c’ubugome kandi giteye ubwoba” cashobora kubaho.

"Ijambo rimwe gusa ‘umusaraba’ rikwiye kuvaho burundu, atari ku mubiri gusa w’Umuromani, ariko kandi no mu vyiyumviro vyiwe, mu maso yiwe, mu matwi yiwe”.

"Mu buryo butatu bw’ubugome gusumba ubundi bwose bwakoreshwa muri kahise ka kera cane [Antiquité] mu kunyonga umuntu, ukubamba ku musaraba kwafatwa ko ari bwo bugome bwa mbere”, nk’uko Louise Cilliers, umwanditsi akongera akaba n’umushakashatsi mu gisata c’ivyigwa kama kuri Kaminuza ya Free State muri Afrika y’Epfo, abibwira BBC.

"Hakurikiye uguturira no guca umutwe”.

Diego Pérez Gondar, umwigisha w’ivyigwa nyobokamana (Théologie) kuri Kaminuza ya Navarra, avuga ati: "Rwari uruvangatirane rw’ubugome bw’agahomerabunwa n’ibirori kugira ngo abanyagihugu batekerwe n’ubwoba bwinshi bushoboka”.

Akenshi, umuntu yahawe ico gihano yaza gupfa haciye imisi, abahita birorera.

Ingorane umuntu yagira harimwo kubura impemu, gutakaza amaraso, umwumira, ingingo zitandukanye bikanka ko zikora.

Yezu/Yesu, uyu mugabo yahinduye isi akoresheje ubutumwa bw’amahoro, ni umwe mu bantu benshi bapfiriye ku musaraba, igihano cari kimaze imyaka ibinjana imbere y’aho.

Ng’ibi ibizwi ku bijanye n’iyo ico gihano cavuye n’ingene catanguye.

Abanya-Asiriya

Mu gihe cayo cari gikomeye, ingoma ya Asiriya (Empire assyrien/Assyrian empire) yava ku nkengera z’ikogobe c’aba-Perse igashika ku bihugu ubu bizwi nka Turukiya na Misiri.

Ikiringo cayo ca nyuma kizwi nk’ingoma nshasha y’aba-Asiriya (Empire néo-assyrien/Neo-Assyrian empire), aho yabaye ingoma nini cane gusumba izindi zose kw’isi muri ico gihe.

Hagati y’umwaka wa 900 na 600 imbere ya Yezu, iyi ngoma yarubatswe nk’umuco ukomeye, igihugu rutura mu buhinga, kubera cari gifise abadandaji batunze cane n’igisirikare ruburakigongwe.

Mu vy’ukuri, umwe mu bami bayo, Sennacherib, afatwa ko ari we soko rikomeye ry’intambara ataco isize inyuma (guerre totale/total war).

Abanya-Asiriya bakora ibishoboka vyose kugira ngo basige ikimenyetso, atari ic’ubutegetsi bwabo gusa, ariko kandi c’ibihano vy’ubugome baha abakeba babo.

Kandi igihe cose abansi bama bavugwa mu miryango y’abami mu karere kose k’Uburasirazuba bwo hagati, vyagiye “kwibonekeza neza mu nzandiko n’utugenegene vy’ingoma nshasha y’aba-Asiriya, aho amakuru y’intambara n’ibihano vyahabwa abansi ari yo afise ikibanza gikomeye gusumba ay’abandi bami” bo muri ako karere.

Ni co gituma abansi ari bo bashingirwako gusumba mu ntumbero yo “kwerekana ingene babashize hasi n’ingene babakubise”.

Ibirimbi

Nk’uko bivugwa na Cilliers, igihano co kubambwa ku musaraba gishobora kuba “cazanywe n’abanya-Asiriya hamwe n’abanya-Babiloni congera gikoreshwa n’Aba-Perse mu kinjana ca gatandatu imbere ya Yezu”.

Umwigisha Pérez yerekana ko amakuru ya kera aboneka ava ku bisharizo vy’ibirimba vy’aba-Asiriya.

“Ku mpome usanga hariko ibicapo vyerekana intambara zimwe zimwe barwana mu kwigarurira uturere n’ukungene impfungwa zicwa. Urasangamwo ubuhinga bw’ingene basogota abantu, ikintu gisa n’ico kubamba ku musaraba”.

Kimwe muri ibi bicapo, nk’uko bivugwa n’umuhinga mu vya kahise Rebecca Denova, "cerekana impfungwa zaneneshejwe ku bisuti zasogosswe mu mbavu”, inyuma y’aho Sennacherib yigaruriye igisagara c’abayahudi ca Lachish mu 701 imbere ya Yezu.

Mu nkuru yanditse mu gitabo c’akahise, World History Encyclopedia , yanditse ati: "Intumbero y’iki gihano giteye ubwoba yari iyo gushira ahabona ubugome n’iterabwoba vyari birindiriye impfungwa n’abagumutsi”.

Cilliers, ari kumwe na FP Retief, baranditse inkuru mu kinyamakuru c’ubuvuzi South African Medical Journal ivuga ngo The history and pathology of crucifixion (akahise n’inkurikizi z’ukubambwa ku musaraba).

Muri iyi nkuru, basigura ko aba-Perse babambira abantu ku biti no ku bisuti aho kubabamba ku musabara usanzwe.

Perez ati: "Gufatanya igihano c’urupfu n’ugushinyagurira umuntu yagiriwe n’icaha hanyuma akicwa mu bugome cari ikintu gisanzwe kandi uburyo bumwe bwakoreshwa kwari ukumumanika agasigara yenena ku giti kugira ngo azokwicwe no kubura impemu n’uburuhe”.

Ingene cakwiragiye

Mu kinjana ca kane imbere ya Yezu, Alexandre le Grand yaratanguje iki gihano mu bihugu vyo mu buseruko bw’ikiyaga Méditerranée.

"Alexandre le Grand n’ingabo ziwe zarugarije igisagara ca Tire (ubu kikaba ari igihugu ca Liban), kitari coroshe kwigarurira”, nk’uko bivugwa na Cilliers.

"Aho bamariye kucinjiramwo, babamvye abantu baco bababa 2000”.

Abakurikiye Alexandre le Grand nabo batanguje iki gihano mu Misiri na Syria, co kimwe no muri Carthage, igisaga gikomeye co muri Afrika y’Uburaruko cubatswe n’aba Fenisiya (Phéniciens/Phoenicians).

Mu gihe c’intambara hagati y’Abaromani na Carthage (ikizwi nka Guerres puniques/Punic Wars), Abaromani nabo bahavuye biga ubu buhinga “barabukoresha mu kiringo c’imyaka 500.

"Aho ingabo z’Abaromani zagiye hose, barakoresheje igihano co kubamba ku musaraba ”.

Eka mbere mu turere tumwe tumwe cakoreshejwemwo, abaho bacakirije yompi.

Mu mwaka w’icenda inyuma y'umuzo wa Yezu, umukuru w’ubudagi Arminio yategetse ko umujenerali w’umuromani Varo abambwa, inyuma y’intambara izwi nk’intambara y’ikibira ca Teutoburg (Teutoburg Forest, ari bwo Ubudagi bw’ubu) icabaye ikimenyetso co gutsinda Abaromani mu buryo bumaramaje.

Mu mwaka wa 60 inyuma y'umuzo wa Yezu, Boudica, Umwamikazi w’umuryango w’aba-Iceni wo mu Bwongereza, yararongoye imigumuko ikomeye ku Baromani bari babateye maze abamba ingabo zitari nke.

Igihugu Ceranda

Muri Israel, imbere y’uko Abaromani bashika, igihano nk’iki carakoreshwa.

Pérez ati: "Dufise amasôko menshi avuga ivyo kubamba imbere y’uko Abaromani bigarurira Igihugu Ceranda”.

Aya makuru tuyakesha Umuyahudi w’umuhinga mu vya kahise akongera akaba umunyaporitike n’umusirikare, Flavio Josephus, yavukiye i Yerusalemu mu kinjana ca mbere.

Imwe mu nkuru ashira ahabona ni ku vyabaye mu gihe c’ubutegetsi bwa Alexandre Jannaeus (125 gushika 76 imbere ya Yezu) yayoboye Abayahudi mu kiringo c’imyaka 27.

Amaze kwigarurira ibihugu bibanyi bitari bike, uyu mutegetsi yaciye akwiragiza intwaro yo mu muryango w’aba-Hasimoni (Hasmonean dynasty / Hasmonéens)

Hagati aho, yahavuye atuma urwanko hagati y’Abafarizayo n’aba Hasomini rwunyuka, ivyavuyemwo intambara yaguyemwo ibihumbi vy’abantu.

Avuga ku vyabaye mu mwaka wa 88 imbere ya Yezu, Flavio Josephus yandika ati: "Mu gihe yariko yiryohera n’abahabara mu kibanza co kwinezereza, yategetse kubamba Abayahudi bashika amajana umunani, no kwica abana n’abagore imbere y’abagize ivyago vyo kuba bagihema”.

Abaromani

Nk’uko biri mu nkuru ya Cilliers na Retief, Abaromani bashitse kure mu kubamba abagiriwe n’icaha ku biti canke ku birimbi, ariko batanguza n’imisaraba y’ubwoko butandukanye, nk’uwumeze nka X ( crux decussata ).

"Hagati aho, mu bihe nka vyose, barakoresha umusaraba w’ikilatini ( crux immissa ) uzwi cane canke umusaraba umeze nka T ( crux commissa ). Iyi misaraba yashobora kuba ari miremire ( crux sublimis ), ariko n’iyindi migufi ( crux humilis) nayo nyene yari ikunze gukoreshwa, ikaba yari igizwe n’inkingi (igiti gishinze) nini hamwe n’igiti gitambitseko (patibulum)”.

Uwagiriwe n’icaha yategekwa kwiremeka igiti c’umutambikwa wiwe gushika ku kibanza abambirwamwo.

Aba banditsi bavuga ko abagore i Yerusalemu baha uwugiye kubambwa ikinyobwa catuma ububabare bugabanuka.

"Mu gihe ataba ari gusa, baramwambura impuzu hanyuma akaryama agaramye ashanje amaboko kuri ca giti gitambitse ku nkingi".

Bababohera amaboko kuri ico giti kitambitse canke bakabatera imisumari ku bikonjo, ntibayitera mu biganza vy’amaboko yabo kuko rimwe na rimwe bitashobora kwikorera uburemere bw’umubiri, ugasanga biratabutse.

Iyi misumari yashobora kuba ifise uburebure bwa sentimetero 18 n’ubwaguke bwa sentimetero imwe.

Ingene vyakorwa

Iyo uwubambwa amaze kuboherwa kuri ca giti gitambitse, yaca ashirwa kuri ca kirimbi naco caba cashinzwe mu kuzimu.

Ibirenge vyashobora kubohwa canke bigaterwa imisumari kuri ca kirimbi, ikirenge kimwe kimwe ukwaco canke vyompi bimananye, kimwe hejuru y’ikindi.

Muri ico gihe, aba banditsi bavuga ko umusumari umwe waterwa mu kirenge kimwe ugatobekeranya mu kindi, mu gihe amavi yaba apfunye.

Bwari ububabare butagira izina, “imitsi myinshi yarononekara”, nk’uko bivugwa n’umwigisha Pérez.

"Wategerezwa gushimikira kuri iyo misumari kugira ukonye amaguru ushobore ushobore guhema”.

Muri uku kugerageza, “amaraso menshi yaraseseka, bwari ububabare butagira urugero, bitabaye, waruhira kwicwa n’ukubura impemu”.

Akenshi rwari urupfu rwa buke buke rwaza gushika kubera ingingo z’umubiri zananiwe.

Cilliers na Retief basigura ko vyaterwa n’uko ata maraso yaba agitembera mu mubiri.

Abagiriwe n’icaha bagira ibibazo "vy’igabanuka ry’amaraso (ikizwi nka hypovolemia) kubera amaraso yaseseka, umuntu agakama n’amazi, ariko kumbure ahanini umuntu vyaranka ko asubira guhema”.

Benshi bapfa kubera kubura impemu.

Amasaha, imisi y’umubabaro

Ubugome bw’igihano nk’iki bwabonekera kandi ku kungene benshi mu banyongwa baza gupfa bamaze imisi, n’aho hari abo vyashika bagapfa mu masaha makeya.

Pérez ati: "Kubera mu bisanzwe vyafata imisi kugira ngo bapfe, rimwe na rimwe ico abasirikare bakora kugira ngo umuntu apfe vuba, kwari ukubakubita ku mavi no kuvavuna amaguru. Muri ico gihe, uwagiriwe n’icaha nta nguvu yasubira kuronka zo mu maboko no mu maguru kugira azishimikize mu guhema, ivyatuma aca apfa ubwo nyene”.

Nk’uko bivugwa na bibiliya, abasirikare b’Abaromani barakoresheje ubu buryo ku bantu bari babambanywe na Yezu, ariko wewe ntavyo bamukoreye kubera yari yamaze gupfa.

"Ibi vyabaye kubera yari yababajwe bikomeye, kubera ingene Abaromani bahana abantu, bakoresheje amahiri”, nk’uko uyu muhinga abivuga.

"Yezu yari yakubiswe ibimoko, ubwoko bw’ibimoko bifise ivyuma, amabuye asongoye, amagufa asongoye, inzembe, yari yatakaje amaraso menshi. Mu vy’ukuri, hari abantu baza gupfa bishwe n’amahiri gusa”.

'Abansi ruhebwa'

Waba uboshwe canke utewe imisumari, igihano co kubambwa carondera “kugaragaza no kumaramaza” uwagiriwe n’icaha.

"Ni igihano cari gitegekanirijwe umwansi ruhebwa kugira ngo berekane ko batashaka gusubira kubona umuntu n’umwe asubira gukora icaha nk’iciwe”.

Cari kandi igihano cahabwa abacakara n’abanyamahanga, gake cane ku Baromani.

"Akenshi cahabwa abagirijwe ubuhemu, imigumuko yo gukwega intambara, iterabwoba, ivyaha bimwe bimwe vyari gutuma amaraso aseseka, ibi bigasigura ko, iyo umuntu abaye umugome, yaca ahanishwa igihano kidasanzwe c’ubugome”.

"Ni co gituma bitangaje cane kubona Yezu yahanishijwe kubambwa ku musaraba, kuko yari umwigisha ata caha na kimwe yari yakoze”.

"Biratangaje kandi kubona bamufata nk’umumenja, mu gihe icamugenza caje guhindura isi”.

"Hanyuma abatashaka ko isi ihinduka, ntibagerageje gusa kumwikiza, ariko uravye ingene bamwishe, bariko bagerageza kurondera ko (ubutumwa bwiwe) bwategerezwa guhagararira aho”.

Ariko rero bihoye ubusa, kuko bwarabandanije.

Constantino wa mbere yaje gukuraho iki gihano mu kinjana ca kane inyuma ya Yezu, aca aba umwami w’abami wa mbere w’Abaromani yigishije ubukirisu.

Yabugize itegeko kandi n’abayoboke biwe bahabwa amahirwe atari afiswe n’ayandi madini yari asanzwe ahari, ivyatumye igihugu ciwe kiba ic'Abakristu.

Hagati aho, iki gihano carasubiye kuragaruka ahandi. Akarorero, mu kinjana ca 16 mu Buyapani, abamisiyonari 26 barabambwe, mu gifatwa ko yabaye intango y’igihe kirekire co gutoteza Abakirisu muri ico gihugu.

N’aho ufise kahise k’ubugome, umusaraba ni ikimenyetso c’ubutumwa bw’urukundo ku bakirisu benshi n’abatari abakirisu.