Ni nde wunguka iyo umugabo ukize kurusha abandi muri Nijeriya ahangaye aba ‘mafia ba peteroli’?

Ahantu h’umunyemari wo muri Nijeriya, Aliko Dangote, hafite agaciro ka miliyari 15.5 z’amadolari hatunganyirizwa peteroli hagomba kuba ari yo makuru meza mu bucuruzi kuri Nijeriya mu myaka myinshi.

Ariko benshi mu banya Nijeriya bazabipimira ku bibazo bibiri by’ingenzi –icya mbere: “Ese bizatuma mbona lisansi ihendutse?”

Ihangane, ariko bishoboka ko atari ko bizagenda, keretse ibiciro ku rwego mpuzamahanga bya peteroli idatunganyije nibimanuka.

Icya kabiri: “Nzongera kumara amasaha ntonze umurongo mu buryo butera umutima gutera cyane ntegereje lisansi?”

Hari icyizere ko iyo minsi yarangiye ariko ku ruhande rumwe bishobora kuzaterwa n’icyo Dangote yita “amabandi ya lisansi.”

Mu gihe kirekire gishize kuva Nijeriya yavumbura peteroli mu 1956, urwego rwo hasi rurimo n’ibihe byo kuyitunganya ikavamo lisansi n’ibindi biyikomokaho, rwabaye indiri y’ubucuruzi bufifitse kandi byagizweho uruhare rukomeye n’amaguverinoma yagiye asimburana.

Byamye bimeze nk’ibidashoboka kumenya aho amafaranga arengera, ariko iyo ubonye umutwe w’inkuru igira iti “Ikigo cya peteroli cya leta ya Nijeriya cyananiwe kwishyura miliyari 16 z’amadolari mu misoro iva kuri peteroli”, nk’uko byagenze muri 2016, uba uzi ko hari ikintu kitagenda ku buryo bukomeye.

Mu myaka itanu gusa ni bwo ikigo cya leta Nigerian National Petroleum Company (NNPC) cyatangiye gutangaza amakuru ari ku makonti yacyo.

Umuyobozi w’ikigo cy’ubushakashatsi Eurasia Group, muri Afurika, Amaka Anku, ashimagiza uruganda rutunganya peteroli rwa Dangote, NNPC ifitemo imigabane ingana na 7%, nk’ibihe bikomeye’ kuri iki gihugu cyo muri Afurika y’Uburengerazuba.

Agira ati: “Icyari gihari mu rwego rwo hasi cyari uburyo bwo kwikubira budakora neza kandi burimo ruswa,”

“Icyo ikigo gitunganya [peteroli] cyo mu gihugu kigufasha ni ukugira urwego rwo hasi rurimo ipiganwa ririmo abantu benshi bazakora neza, babona inyungu kandi bakishyura imisoro.”

Mu kubivuga nta kurya imiwa, abaturage b’iki gihugu gikungahaye kuri peteroli barabeshywe ku rugero rwo hejuru mu gihe cy’imyaka myinshi.

Imisoro iva kuri peteroli igize hafi 90% by’imali Nijeriya yinjiza iva mu byo ishora hanze ariko umubare muto w’abacuruzi n’abanya politike bungukiye kuri ubu bukungu bwa peteroli.

Bumwe mu buryo bugenderwaho mu bucuruzi buteye amayobera burimo n’ibigo bine bitunganya peteroli muri Nijeriya.

Ibyo bigo byubatswe mu 1960, za 70 na za 80, byaguye mu kangaratete.

Mu mwaka ushize, inteko ishinga amategeko ya Nijeriya yavuze ko mu myaka 10 ishize leta yakoresheje akayabo ka miliyari 25 z’amadolari mu kugerageza kuzahura ibyo bigo ariko birayinanira.

Bivuze ngo, igihugu gicukura peteroli nyinshi muri Afurika kimaze igihe cyiyohereza gutunganyirizwa mu mahanga, ibintu bishimisha abacuruzi baziranye n’abantu muri uru rwego.

Ni nko kugira uruganda rukora imigati ariko ifuru iyitunganya yarapfuye. Ariko aho kuyisana, nyir’uruganda akohereza imigati ku rundi ruganda ruyishyira mu ifuru ikora neza noneho rukayicuruza kuri wa mucuruzi wa mbere [wayohereje].

NNPC igurana peteroli idatunganyije n’ibindi biyikomokaho bitunganyije, birimo na lisansi, bikagarurwa mu gihugu.

Ingano nyayo y’amafaranga abivamo n’uwungukira muri uku ”kugurana peteroli”, ni kimwe mu bintu bitazwi muri ubu bucuruzi.

“Nta muntu wari washobora gutahura uwaba ubyungukiramo. Bimeze nk’amazimwe avugirwa mu kabari k’inzoga ku w’aba agira icyo akuramo,” uko ni ko Toyin Akinosho wo mu kigo Africa Oil+Gaz, abivuga.

NNPC yatangiye kujya itanga amafaranga agabanya ikiguzi cya peteroli mu myaka ya za 1970 mu kugabanya ubukana igihe ibiciro ku isi bitumbagiye. Buri mwaka yagaruzaga ayo mafanga mu gushyira ubwishyu buri hasi mu rwego rw’imali ya Nijeriya, buva ku mafaranga yakuraga kuri buri kagunguru gacukuwe.

Muri 2022 ayo mafaranga yatumye guverinoma itanga miliyari 10 z’amadolari, angana na 40% by’amafaranga yose yabonye mu misoro. Ku munsi wa kabiri mu kazi nka Visi Perezida wa Nijeriya, Kashim Shettima, yasobanuye ayo mafaranga ‘nk’uburiganya’ akaba “umuzigo ku ijosi ry’ubukungu.”

Inzobere mu bijyanye na peteroli muri Nijeriya, Kelvin Emmanuel, avuga ko mu 2019 ingano ya peteroli yakoreshwaga mu gihugu yazamutse ku rugero rwa 284% kuri litiro miliyoni 70 ku munsi nta kimenyetso cy’imibare mu gusobanura izamuka ry’iryo koreshwa.

Inteko ishinga amategeko yari yarigeze kuvuga mbere ko, abazana peteroli bishyurwaga kugira ngo bazane lisansi nyinshi iruta ikenewe gukoreshwa mu gihugu. Hari amafaranga yagombaga kubonwa avuye mu kohereza peteroli mu bihugu bituranyi aho ibiciro byari binini kurushaho.

NNPC yabonye amadolari abarirwa muri za miliyari ku mwaka avuye mu gucuruza peteroli idatuknganyije. Ariko mu gihe cy’imyaka myinshi, kuri za guverinoma zabanje, zimwe mu nyungu ntizigeze zigera mu mali ya leta kuko zashinjwaga n’abaguverineri n’abadepite ku rwego rw’igihugu kongera ibiciro bihanitse kandi byafashijwemo na leta, ku mpapuro z’ubucuruzi.

Bishobora kuba byari isoko y’ingenzi y’amafaranga ku maguverinoma yasimburanye ariko mu myaka mirongo, kugeza muri 2020, inteko y’ubuyobozi ntiyigeze ihishura igenzurwa ry’amakonti yayo. Itangazo ryayo rigenewe abanyamakuru mu kwezi kwa gatatu muri uyu mwaka ryasezeranyije umucyo no kubazwa ibyo ikora.

Nyuma yo kujya ku butegetsi mu kwezi kwa gatanu kwa 2023, Perezida Bola Tinubu yavuze ko amafaranga leta itanga adashobora kugumaho ndetse irayakata, ibiciro byahise byikuba gatatu.

Yanahagaritse politike yo kuzamura agaciro k’ifaranga ry’igihugu, naira, ahubwo abiharira amasoko y’imigabane kujyena ako gaciro.

Ajya ku butegetsi, ivunjisha ryari ku rugero rw’ama naira 460 ku idolari rimwe rya Amerika. Mu kwezi kwa 11 kwa 2024, ryari rigeze ku ma naira 1.600.

Ugutungurwa gukomeye mu nzego eshatu mu izamuka ry’ibiciro by’ibikomoka kuri peteroli, ibura rya hato na hato ryabyo, n’igwa ry’agaciro k’ifaranga byakomereye abaturage cyane mu gihugu, aho benshi barinda gukoresha utumoteri dutanga umuriro kugira ngo babone urumuri banashyire umuriro mu matelefoni yabo.

“Ibirenze umuzigo mu rwego rw’ubukungu, umuhangayiko wo kutamenya uko ejo hazaba hameze n’ibura rya lisansi byongereye ku bibazo bya buri munsi,” uko ni ko umuturage utuye i Lagos yabisobanuye muri macye.

“Numva meze nk’umuntu uhora mu bibazo. Birananiza.”

Uko ifaranga rya Naira ryamanukaga mu gaciro n’ibiciro bizamuka inshuro nyinshi, guverinoma, yari inasanzwe izi ingaruka zishobora kuva mu myigaragambyo, yakomeje guha uwo muti rubanda.

Mu cyemezo gishobora kugereranywa no kumira igice cy’ikinini cya paracetamol ku ndwara ikomeye nka apandisite (appendicitis), guverinoma yijeje ko abantu bakomeza kwishyura amafaranga ari munsi gato y’igiciro cyo ku isoko kuri litiro ya lisansi.

Mu yandi magambo, NNPC yagurishaga ihomba kandi inkunga yatangwaga ku igabanywa ry’ibiciro yari ikiriho.

Ariko izamuka ry’ibiciro ryabaye mu kwezi kwa 10, ryatumye abanya Nijeriya ubu bari kwishyura ibiciro byo ku isoko kuri peteroli ku nshuro ya mbere mu myaka 30.

Mu mujyi munini wa Lagos, byazamutse kuva ku rugero rw’ama naira 858 ($0.52) bijya ku ma naira 1.025 kuri litiro imwe.

Imwe mu mpamvu y’ibibazo bikomeye by’ubukungu bwa Nijeriya, yabaye amafaranga y'agaciro aturuka hanze y'igihugu macye, bituma ama naira akomeza gutakaza agaciro kurushaho.

Amakuru meza ni uko ikigo cya Dangote kizagura peteroli idatunganyije kikagurisha lisansi iyunguruye muri Nijeriya mu ifaranga ry’igihugu, bizatuma amadolari aboneka ku bandi bantu bose.

Amakuru mabi ku bizera ko ibi bisobanuye ibiciro bihendutse kuri lisansi ni uko igiciro Dangote azishyura ku kagunguru kamwe ka peteroli idatunganyije mu gihugu kizaba kingana n’ama naira mu kiguzi ku rwego mpuzamahanga mu idolari.

Ni ukuvuga ko niba igiciro cya peteroli idatunganyije kizamutse ku isoko ku rwego rw’isi, abanya Nijeriya bizaba ngombwa ko bakoresha andi manaira menshi. Gutunganyiriza peteroli mu gihugu bizagabanura igiciro cyo kuyitwara hanze ariko ni amafaranga macye cyane.

Byizerwa ko kuza kw’uruganda rutunganya peteroli rwa Dangote bizazana umucyo mu rwego rwa peteroli.

Igihe uyu mushinga wa miliyari 20 z’amadolari watangiraga, yari abizi neza ko azarakaza bamwe mu bungukira mu bucuruzi bufifitse. Cyakora, avuga ko, atumvise neza uburemere bw’ikibazo.

Avugira mu nama y’ishoramari mu kwezi kwa gatandatu, Dangote yagize ati:

“Nari nzi ko bizatera guhangana. Ariko sinari nzi ko aba mafia muri peteroli bakomeye kuruta aba mafia mu biyobyabwenge".

Emmanuel, inzobere mu rwego rwa peteroli yagize ati:

“Ntibashaka ko ubwo bucuruzi [bufifitse] buhagarara. Ni magendu. Dangote araje none agiye kubakoma mu nkokora burundu. Ubucuruzi bwabo burugarijwe".

Kuba hari ukutemeranya n’ibi bikorwa by’umugenzuzi, ubwabyo byazamuye urwikekwe.

Uruganda rw’itunganya rwa Dangote ruri hafi ya Lagos rufite inyota, mu bushobozi bw’utugunguru ibihumbi 650 twa peteroli idasukuye ku munsi.

Washobora gutekereza ko kuba muri Nijeriya byatuma peteroli iboneka byoroshye ariko ugahita ubona umutwe w’inkuru nk’iyi: “Umunya Nijeriya Dangote agura peteroli ya Brezil”. Bikurikiye ibibazo kuri peteroli n’igena ry’ibiciro. Umugenzuzi yinubiye uburyo Dangote akoresha mu kuganira ku biciro.

Peteroli idasukuye ya Nijeriya ifite ibinyamutabire byo mu bwoko bwa sulphur ku rwego rwo hasi, kandi bigatuma ishakishwa kurusha izindi ku isi, ikaninjiza igiciro cyo hejuru ugereranyije n’izindi bipiganwa.

Igihe ibiganiro ku biciro byatangiraga, Farouk Ahmed, umuyobozi w’ikigo cya Nijeriya gishinzwe ubugenzuzi bwa peteroli Nigerian Midstream and Downstream Petroleum Regulatory Authority (NMDPRA), yashinje Dangote “gushaka [imodoka yo mu bwoko bwa] Lamborghini ku giciro cya Toyota”.

Dangote yinubira ko adahabwa ingano ya peteroli idatunganyije ihwanye n’iyo yari yarasezeranyijwe ariko kabone n’ubwo ikibazo cy’ibiciro cyacyemuka, ni hahandi azakenera kwinjiza mu gihugu indi peteroli idatunganyije.

Akinosho wo mu kigo cyitwa Africa Oil+Gaz Report ati:

“NNPC ntabwo ifite peteroli ihagije yo guha Dangote. Kabone n’ubwo afite ibikoresho bingana gutya byo guha ubushobozi uru ruganda, NNPC ntishobora guha Dangote utugunguru turenze ibihumbi 300 ku munsi.”

Avuga ko ibi ku ruhande rumwe biterwa n’uko NNPC yamaze kugurisha utugunguru tubarirwa mu mamiliyoni ku nguzanyo.

Mu kwa Munani kwa 2023 yabonye inguzanyo ya miliyari eshatu z’amadolari mu kigo cy’ubucuruzi cya Afreximbank. Ikaba igomba gutanga utugunguru tungana na miliyoni 164 twa peteroli idasukuye.

Mu kwezi kwa Cyenda, NNPC yemeye ko iri mu mwenda ukomeye. Byavugwaga ko yari ifite umwenda wa miliyari esheshatu z’amadolari za peteroli yazanywe mu gihugu.

Mu myaka ya vuba ishize, umusaruro wa peteroli ya Nijeriya waragabanutse kuva ku tugunguru miliyoni 2.1 ku munsi muri 2018 ijya ku tugunguru miliyoni 1.3 ku munsi muri 2023.

NNPC ivuga ko ubusambo bwa peteroli ari nk’imwe mu mpamvu ya mbere itera umusaruro kugabanuka.

Ivuga ko mu cyumweru kimwe gusa kuva ku itariki ya 28 z’ukwa cyenda kugeza ku ya 4 z’ukwezi kwa 10, habaye ubusambo bwa peteroli inshuro 161 mu gace ka Niger Delta kandi hatahuwe ahantu hagera kuri 45 hatunganyirizwa peteroli ku buryo butemewe n’amategeko.

Ariko Madamu Anku yizera ko "ikibazo cy’ubusambo gikomezwa cyane na NNPC ndetse n’urwego rwa peteroli.”

Yongeraho ati: “Ni urwitwazo ruboneye.”

Asobanura izindi mpamvu zitera igwa ry’umusaruro zirimo n’ibigo mpuzamahanga bya peteroli bigurisha ibirombye byabyo, birimo n’ibitakigira peteroli kubera ko bimaze imyaka 60 bicukurwa.

Dangote w’imyaka 66, ushyirwa ku mwanya wa kabiri ku rutonde rw’abaherwe bafite umutungo ubarirwa muri za miliyari muri Afurika, n’ikinyamakuru Bloomberg, yavanye umutungo we mu isima n’isukari.

Yamye ahakana ko umutungo we wungukiye cyane mu masano afitanye n’abanya politike bari ku butegetsi batumye yiharira isoko.

Uyu munsi, hari abanenga ayo mayeri ya Dangote kandi mu gihe hari ubushyamirane n’abategetsi bashinzwe ubugenzuzi mu rwego rwa peteroli, ibyo birego byongeye kubura mu rwego rw’itanga rya lisansi muri Nijeriya.

“Bwana Dangote yansabye guhagarika gutanga ibyangombwa byo kuzana lisansi mu gihugu kandi ko buri muntu wese yagombye kumuguraho. Ibyo navuze ngo ‘oya’ kubera ko atari byiza ku isoko. Dufite inyungu z’ibitanga ingufu," uko ni ko Ahmed wo mu rwego rw’ubugenzuzi avuga.

Dangote nta cyo yavuze ku birego ariko avuga ko kugurira ku ruganda rwe bisobanutse cyane kurusha kugurira hanze.

Impagarara hagati y’urwego rw’ubugenzuzi na Dangote, ku kibazo cy’ibiciro zimaze igihe ndetse zihindukamo ikindi kibazo cy’abacuruza peteroli mu gihugu banga kuyigurira mu ruganda rushya.

Uku kwitana bamwana kwanateye ibindi birego by’uko bamwe mu bacuruzi bagura peteroli itari ku rwego rwemewe mu Burusiya noneho ikavangwa n’ibindi biyikomokaho mbere yo koherezwa muri Nijeriya.

Ariko si buri wese uhangayikishijwe n’ubu bushyamirane cyangwa no kutumvikana.

Madamu Anku avuga ku masomo yakuwe mu banyemari bo muri Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika mu kinyejana cya 19.

Agira ati: “Ba JP Morgans na Stanfords nabo ntiborohewe. Ni yo mpamvu bagombye kwiyambaza ubufasha bwa guverinoma no guterwa inkunga mu kubaka inzira za gari ya moshi n’ibindi.

“Mbona ibi bibazo nk’inzira isanzwe mu guhindura uburyo ubukungu bukorwa. Hari ababihomberamo, bararakara. Nta mahirwe bafite yo guhagarika uruganda gukora cyangwa kugurisha ibicuruzwa byarwo ku masoko ya Nijeriya…uko ni ko mbibona.”

Uru ruganda rugezweho, rwo mu gihugu rwanateye impaka ku gaciro ka peteroli iri ku isoko. Ni ikibazo cy’ingenzi cyane cyane urebye umubare w’utumoteri dusohora umwotsi mu bice bitandukanye muri Nijeriya kubera ikibazo gikomeye cy’ibura ry’amashanyarazi.

Akinsonho ati: "Buri munsi mbyukira ku mpumuro y’ibintu nizera ko [bishobora] kunyica. Ni ukubera ubuziranenge bwa mazutu".

Abona uruganda rwa Dangote nk’amahirwe y’ibikomoka kuri peteroli byo ku rwego rwo hejuru muri Nijeriya bishobora kuba byiza kuri moteri z’imodoka n’ibihaha by’abantu.

Ariko kugeza ubu, abanya Nijeriya bahangayikishijwe n’ibiciro bihenze, bashobora kugorwa no kubona icyizere muri ibi.

Impaka hagati y’abayobozi ku ruganda rwa Dangote, abari ku masoko ya peteroli n’abashinzwe ubugenzuzi, zihora mu itangazamakuru. Impande zose zishinjwa guhisha ibimenyetso n’imibare bituma abantu bibaza ku bikorerwa imbere y’uru rwego rugififitse.

Bwana Akinosho yanzura agira ati: “Buri wese si shyashya. Nta ntwari iri hano".