Tar-shealladh air na thachair dha daoine glacte agus oidhirpean saorsa
'S e na thachair dha na daoine glacte agus oidhirpean nan Afraganach fo thràilleachd an saorsa fhaighinn an treas earrann dhen topaig A’ mhalairt ann an daoine Afraganach fo thràilleachd (1770-1807) ann an Eachdraidh Nàiseanta 5.
Tha e a' gabhail a-steach:
- cor-beatha agus cor-obrach air na planntachasan
- a' dèiligeadh ri Afraganaich fo thràilleachd le ainneart
- seòrsaichean eile de dh'obair thràilleachd ann an eileanan a' Charibbean
- oidhirpean Afraganaich fo thràilleachd air an saorsa fhaighinn
- eagal ro oidhirpean Afraganaich fo thràilleachd air an saorsa fhaighinn
Thoir sùil tron tar-shealladh seo airson iùl luath dha na h-earrannan sin, no airson ath-sgrùdadh air na dh'ionnsaich thu mar-thà.
Cliog air na ceangalan agus faigh fiosrachadh nas mionaidiche air gach earrann.
Bhidio - Beatha agus aghaidheachd air planntachasan
Coimhead a' bhidio seo agus faigh a-mach mun obair agus mun chor obrach a bha aig Afraganaich fo thràilleachd air planntachasan, agus mar a chuir iad an aghaidh a bhith fo dhaorsa.
Faigh a-mach mu bheatha Afraganaich fo thràilleachd air planntachasan, agus mar a chuir iad an aghaidh a bhith fo dhaorsa.
Captured Africans who were transported to the Caribbean islands faced an ordeal just as terrible as the ocean crossing they had survived – life on the plantations.
They were quickly sold at auction, their African names and identities taken from them, and were given new 'Christian' names.
Any family members were split up and would probably never see each other again.
The rest of their lives would be spent labouring to produce the cash crops that kept their masters rich - coffee, tobacco, rice, cotton, and, most profitable of all – sugar.
Producing sugar was back-breaking work – ground had to be dug, planted and hoed, in scorching heat…
… and at harvest time, the sugar cane had to be crushed and boiled in sugar mills which worked night and day.
Children, old people and pregnant women were assigned to work gangs that were given slightly lighter duties… but still had to work 12 to 18 hour days in 38 degree heat.
The average time of survival for anyone arriving on a plantation was just 8 years.
The owners were aware that the harsh conditions drove their enslaved workers to an early death – but they calculated that it was cheaper to replace them when they died, than allow them to remain healthy.
Discipline was maintained by 'slave drivers' – enslaved workers who had earned a position of trust.
Above them were the feared 'overseers' – white workers, armed with knives and guns, and renowned for their brutal methods.
Captives found many ways to resist the system – sometimes with minor actions like speaking in their mother tongues, which was forbidden, or working as slowly as possible – sometimes with major actions such as sabotaging machinery or setting fire to buildings.
Plantation's enslaved workers had no rights at all.
They were subject to extreme and violent punishment for breaking the rules in minor ways – or just being suspected of doing so.
Beating, flogging, burning and rape were common forms of punishment.
Someone accused of talking too much could be forced to wear a metal mouth constraint.
For more serious misdemeanours, people were chained to a treadmill and whipped to keep it turning – or made to work the fields wearing an iron collar.
Many took their chances to escape.
That was a dangerous risk – but in Jamaica, some enslaved Africans did manage to make it to the remote mountain areas, where they formed free communities.
In the face of such inhuman treatment, captives frequently rose up.
Large scale rebellions were particularly frequent in Jamaica.
The white owner class, knowing they were outnumbered, lived in fear of mutiny.
But the odds were always against the captives - they had little hope of fighting the military forces who would be sent by ship as soon as word of a rebellion spread.
Obair agus cor-obrach air na planntachasan
Bha obair anns na h-achaidhean air planntachasan siùcair air a sparradh air a' mhòr-chuid de dhaoine fo thràilleachd anns a' Charibbean:
- bha daoine fo thràilleachd air an cur air dòigh ann an còmhlain obrach:
- bha fir agus mnathan a bha fiot agus làidir a' dèanamh na h-obair a bu chruaidhe a' cladhach, a' cur agus a' buain na cuilc shiùcair
- bhiodh inbhich nach robh cho comasach a' cur innear air na cuilcean, agus a' cruinneachadh nan cuilcean a bha air am buain
- bhiodh clann agus daoine nas sine a' glanadh luibhean às an talamh agus a' toirt biadh chun an luchd-obrach eile
Bhiodh iad tric ag obrachadh uairean fada, uaireannan bho mhoch gu dubhsia latha san t-seachdain.
Bhiodh ceannairean dhaoine fo thràilleachd, a bha iad fhèin fo thràilleachd, a' cumail sùil air na còmhlain obrach.
Bha ceannairean geala os an cionn – bhiodh iad a' cumail smachd brùideil, cruaidh orra agus a' toirt seachad pheanasan cruaidh.
Bha factaraidhean siùcair air na planntachasan far an robh cuilc shiùcair air a pronnadh agus an sùgh air a ghoil gus siùcar, ruma agus molasas a dhèanamh:
- aig àm an fhogharaidh, bhiodh daoine fo thràilleachd ag obair sioftaichean dà uair dheug ann an teas uabhasach
- dh'fhaodadh luchd-obrach a bhith air am pronnadh no air am marbhadh le innealan
- dh'fhaodadh siùcar goileach do losgadh gu dona no fiù 's do mharbhadh
Bha feadhainn eile ag obair air mhuinntireas ann an dachaighean mharsantan no luchd-seilbh nam planntachasan, no a' coimhead às dèidh bheathaichean.
Ann am puirt agus ann am bailtean, bha tuilleadh dhaoine fo thràilleachd ag obair ann an taighean dhaoine geala, no bha cuid dhiubh nan luchd-obrach ionnsaichte mar saoir no goibhnean.
Faigh fiosrachadh nas mionaidiche mu obair agus cor-obrach air na planntachasan.
Cor-beatha agus mar a bhathar a' dèiligeadh ri daoine fo thràilleachd
Bha daoine fo thràilleachd air an reic aig dà sheòrsa rùp:
- aig rùpan traidiseanta bha daoine air an reic ris an neach a dhèanadh an tairgse a b' àirde
- aig rùpan cabhagach bhiodh luchd-seilbh phlanntachasan a' pàigheadh cìs shuidhichte agus a' dèanamh cabhag airson grèim fhaighinn air an luchd-obrach a b' fheàrr
Aon uair 's gun robh iad air an ceannach, bha daoine fo thràilleachd air am brandadh airson sealltainn 'cò bu leis' iad.
Bha mòran air an cur a champaichean seusanachaidh far an robh pianadh bodhaig is inntinn air an cleachdadh airson an spiorad a bhriseadh agus an dèanamh umhail.
Bha cor-beatha nan daoine fo thràilleachd cruaidh:
- bha aig a' mhòr-chuid dhiubh ri an taighean fhèin a thogail bho stuthan bunasach
- bha aca ri tòrr dhem biadh fhèin fhàs air talamh solair
- bha iad a' faighinn cho beag 's a ghabhadh de bhiadh, glè thric gun mhathachadh riatanach ann
- bha iad a' faighinn aon sheat de dh'aodach bunasach gach bliadhna
Mura robh iad ag obair cruaidh gu leòr, ma bha iad eas-umhail, ri aghaidheachd no nam feuchadh iad ri teiche, bha iad air am peanasachadh gu cruaidh:
- bha daoine fo thràilleachd gun chòraichean
- dh'fhaodadh daoine fo thràilleachd a bhith air an cuipeadh agus air an sràcadh airson adhbhar glè bheag
- nam feuchadh iad ri teiche, dh'fhaodadh gur e am bàs am peanas
Faigh fiosrachadh nas mionaidiche air cor-beatha agus mar a bhathar a' dèiligeadh ri daoine fo thràilleachd anns a' Charibbean .
Aghaidheachd agus ar-a-mach an aghaidh a bhith fo thràilleachd
Bha Afraganaich fo thràilleachd a' dèanamh ar-a-mach ann an grunn dhòighean.
- Air bòrd bhàtaichean tràilleachd
- Air planntachasan anns a' Charibbean
Air na planntachasan bha dà sheòrsa aghaidheachd ann:
- Fulangach – mar a bhith ag obair gu slaodach
- Gnìomhach – mar a bhith a' teiche no a' feuchainn ri sabaid
Rinn Afraganaich fo thràilleachd iomadh ar-a-mach ann an eileanan a' Charibbean:
- A' Chiad Chogadh Maroon, 1728-1740
- Ar-a-mach Tacky, 1760
- Ar-a-mach Haiti, 1791-1804
Dh'fhàillig a' mhòr-chuid dhiubh air sgàth 's nach robh dòigh aca air buill-airm fhaighinn agus dìth cheannardan sgileil.
Faigh fiosrachadh nas mionaidiche air aghaidheachd agus ar-a-mach an aghaidh a bhith fo thràilleachd.
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