Ta yaya za ki gane cewa jinin da kike zubarwa lokacin al'ada ya zarce ƙa'ida?

Tun daga shekara 12 zuwa 13, Michelle Alston ta shafe mafi munin kwanakin al'adarta tana kwana a ofishin nas ta makaranta, tana jure matsanancin ciwo yayin ƙoƙarin dakile zubar jinin da kayan al'ada.

"Sun koya mini cewa wannan abu ne na al'ada kawai," in ji ta.

"Sun ce mini abu ne da za ki koyi zama da shi."

Ta kan ji rauni saboda ba ta iya tafiyar da al'adarta kamar yadda takwarorinta ke yi.

Sai da ta kai shekaru arba'in da haihuwa ne ta fahimci cewa rauninta ba shi da alaƙa da shekaru; al'adarta na zubar da jini fiye da yadda ya kamata.

Idan zubar jini lokacin al'ada ya kai matakin da yake shafar ingancin rayuwa, likitoci suna kiran hakan yawan zubar jini lokacin al'ada, kuma wata babbar matsalar lafiya ce.

Binciken al'umma a sassa daban-daban na duniya ya kiyasta cewa tsakanin kashi 10% zuwa 30% na matan da suke shekarun haihuwa suna fuskantar yawan zubar jini lokacin al'ada kamar Alston.

Kuma saboda ƙarancin bayar da rahoto da kuma rashin fahimta gaba ɗaya kan adadin jinin da ya wuce kima, bincike ya nuna cewa hakan na iya kasancewa a kusan rabin dukkan matan da suke shekarun haihuwa.

Yawan zubar jini lokacin al'ada na iya zama alamar wasu matsalolin lafiya kuma yana iya haifar da munanan sakamako idan ba a yi magani ba, kamar ƙarancin jini.

Sai dai a kwanan nan ne masu bincike suka fara zurfafa bincike kan tasirin yawan zubar jini lokacin al'ada, domin neman ingantattun hanyoyin gano cutar da magance ta.

Bincike a PubMed (rumbun bayanan wallafe-wallafen binciken ilimin halittar jiki da lafiya) da kalmar "menstrual blood" ya haifar da wallafe-wallafe 400 ne kawai a cikin shekaru goma da suka gabata.

Misali, wallafe-wallafen da suka shafi kalmar "semen" sun haura 15,000.

"Mata na da haƙƙin samun shekaru, idan ba shekaru masu yawa ba, na bincike," in ji Jackie Maybin, likitan mata a Jami'ar Edinburgh da ke Scotland kuma daraktar The Missed Vital Sign, wani shirin bincike kan yawan zubar jini lokacin al'ada.

"Kuma ina ganin lokacin ya yi."

How much blood is too much? Jini nawa ne ya fi kima?

Ga masu bincike, ana bayyana yawan zubar jini lokacin al'ada da asarar jini fiye da mililita 80 a kowace zagaye, ko daskararrun jini da suka fi girman tsabar kuɗi mai girman kwata (kimanin inci ɗaya a diamita), ko kuma al'adar da ta zarce kwana bakwai.

Amma ga mu da muke yin al'ada, babu wata daidaitacciyar hanya ko ma'auni don auna zubar jinin al'ada ta hanyar da ake yi a rayuwa ta yau da kullum: yawan zuwa bandaki, yawan canza pad ko tampon, ko yawan tabo a tufafin ciki.

Wasu likitoci na ƙoƙarin samun fahimta tare da marasa lafiya ta hanyar nuna jadawalai masu nuna pad ko tampon masu ɗauke da jini da yawa domin marasa lafiyan su tantance yawan jinin da suke zubarwa.

Sai dai wannan ma ba ya daidai, domin ba duk kayan al'ada ne aka ƙera iri ɗaya ba kuma suna da bambanci sosai wajen tsotsa.

Saboda haka, gano adadin jinin da ya wuce kima lokacin al'ada ba abu ne mai sauƙi ba, kuma likitoci sau da yawa suna tantance ko zubar jinin al'ada na al'ada ne ko mai yawa bisa yadda yake shafar ingancin rayuwar mutum.

"Wani lokaci marar lafiya ba ta gane cewa yawan jinin da take zubarwa ba al'ada ba ne kuma ana iya yin wani abu a kai," in ji Adwoa Christy, farfesa a fannin likitan mata, haihuwa da kimiyyar haihuwa a Jami'ar California, San Francisco.

Sau da yawa jinin Alston kan jiƙa zanenta ko tufafinta, kuma wata rana hakan ya faru a kan wata kujerar fari a wani shagon wayoyin salula.

Ta ji kamar tana yin wani abu ba daidai ba kuma wataƙila tana buƙatar wasu kayan al'ada daban domin sarrafa yawan zubar jinin.

An gaya mata cewa ya kamata ta yarda cewa fama da ciwon mara mai tsanani da tabon jini masu kunyatarwa lokacin al'ada abu ne na al'ada.

A wasu yankunan duniya kuma, haramtattun al'adu da ƙyama da suka shafi al'ada sun fi zurfi.

"Ina ganin akwai mutane da yawa a ɓangaren duniya ta da ba za su yi ƙorafi ba kuma watakila saboda yadda aka ɗauki ciwo a matsayin abu na al'ada da kuma ƙyama, ba sa zuwa ganin likita," in ji Hemantha Senanayake, farfesa mai ritaya a fannin likitan mata da haihuwa a Jami'ar Colombo da ke Sri Lanka kuma daraktan Asian Society for Endometriosis and Adenomyosis.

Kuma yayin da likitocin mata ka iya sanin yadda za su yi cikakkun tambayoyi domin gano yawan zubar jini lokacin al'ada, likitocin da ba ƙwararru a wannan fanni ba na iya rasa alamomin.

Alston ta jira kusan shekaru 30 kafin wani ya gano matsalarta ta yawan zubar jini lokacin al'ada, kuma ba ita kaɗai ba ce.

Ba alama kaɗai ba ce

Baya ga kasancewarsa matsala da kansa, yawan zubar jini lokacin al'ada galibi alama ce ta manyan matsaloli.

Yana iya kasancewa sakamakon yanayi daban-daban, ciki har da polyps, fibroids, kansa, matsalolin jini, matsalolin yin ƙwai, da endometriosis.

Haka kuma ya zama ruwan dare, ko da yake har yanzu wani bangare ne da ake buƙatar ƙarin bincike a kai, a farkon fara al'ada da kuma lokacin shiga shekaru na daina al'ada, lokacin da canje-canjen sinadaran hormones ke gudana a jiki.

Magance waɗannan matsaloli na iya rage yawan zubar jini, amma masana kimiyya har yanzu ba su san daidai yadda suke ƙara asarar jini ba.

"An yi bincike mai yawa kan fibroids, amma ba a yi sosai kan dalilin da ya sa suke jawo yawan zubar jini ba," in ji Maybin, tana mai bayanin cewa fibroids ciwace-ciwace ne marasa kansa a cikin tsokar mahaifa.

A gefe guda kuma, rashin magance yawan zubar jini lokacin al'ada na iya haifar da sabbin matsaloli kamar ƙarancin ƙarfe.

Ƙarfe wani ma'adani ne mai muhimmanci wajen kiyaye lafiyar ƙwayoyin jiki, garkuwar jiki, tsokoki, fata, gashi da farce.

Idan matakin ƙarfe ya ragu, hakan na iya jawo ruɗewar tunani, jiri, wahalar numfashi, samun tabo cikin sauƙi da kuma zubar gashi.

Yawan zubar jini na iya haifar da ƙarancin ƙarfe, wanda ke janyo ruɗewar tunani, jiri, gajiya kuma zai iya rikidewa zuwa ƙarancin jini.

Saboda haka, illolin yawan zubar jini lokacin al'ada na ci gaba har bayan lokacin al'adar kanta: bincike ya kiyasta cewa fiye da kashi 40% na matan da ke fama da yawan zubar jini lokacin al'ada suna kuma fama da ƙarancin ƙarfe.

Alston ta kasance cikin wannan rukunin: kullum tana jin sanyi kuma sau da yawa tana sha'awar taunawa ko tsotsar kankara, wata alama ta ƙarancin ƙarfe mai ban mamaki amma ta gaskiya wadda har yanzu masu bincike ba su fahimta sosai ba.

Idan ba a yi magani ba, ƙarancin ƙarfe na iya rikidewa zuwa ƙarancin jini, inda bargon ƙashi ba zai samu isasshen ƙarfe don samar da haemoglobin da ake buƙata domin jajayen ƙwayoyin jini su isar da iskar oxygen yadda ya kamata a jiki ba; wani mummunan yanayi da zai iya buƙatar karin jini a wasu matsanancin lokuta.

A ƙasashe masu ƙaramin da matsakaicin kuɗaɗen shiga, inda zubar jini ke daga cikin manyan abubuwan da ke haifar da mutuwar mata masu juna biyu, Senanayake ya ce idan ba a magance ƙarancin jini sakamakon ƙarancin ƙarfe ba kafin ɗaukar ciki, hakan na iya lalata ƙarfin jiki wajen farfaɗowa daga asarar jini.

Haka kuma yana iya shafar bunƙasar kwakwalwar jariri a cikin mahaifa.

Farashin yana shafar kowa

Ko da yake ana ƙara fahimtar muhimmancin yawan zubar jini lokacin al'ada a matsayin matsalar lafiya, akwai ƙarancin bincike kan abin da rayuwa da wannan yanayin take nufi.

Kamar Alston, Emily Young, farfesa a fannin ilimin halayyar ɗan adam a Sheffield Hallam University da ke Birtaniya, ta fuskanci yawan zubar jini lokacin al'ada.

Ta ce ta suma fiye da sau ɗaya sakamakon asarar jini, kuma kullum tana ɗauke da kayan canza tufafi saboda al'adarta marasa tabbas na iya zuwa a kowane lokaci.

Amma likitocinta sun tabbatar mata cewa al'adarta za ta daidaita bayan ta haihu.

Saboda takaicin yadda likitoci suka yi watsi da matsalarta na tsawon shekaru ashirin, yanzu tana binciken abubuwan da wasu mata masu fama da yawan al'ada suke fuskanta.

"Ba wai rashin jin daɗi kawai ba ne. Yana nufin tsara dukkan rayuwarki bisa zagayen al'adarki," in ji Young.

Don wani bincike da aka wallafa a 2025, Young ta yi nazari sosai kan saƙonnin wani dandalin yanar gizo na masu fama da yawan zubar jini lokacin al'ada domin mayar da hankali ga irin abubuwan da suke fuskanta iri ɗaya.

Abin da ta gano ya kasance daga abubuwan ban takaici zuwa abubuwan da ke da ban dariya mai duhu.

Wasu saƙonnin sun bayyana mutanen da suka bukaci karin jini sau da yawa kafin likita ya gane girman matsalarsu.

Wasu kuma sun ƙunshi irin waɗannan bayanai masu ƙarfi: "Wallahi idan aka taɓa amfani da luminol a bandakina, za a kai ni kurkuku yayin da suke tono lambuna suna neman gawarwakin mutanen da ake zaton an kashe."

Akwai saƙonni kan barin makaranta ko aiki, ko rashin samun rayuwar jima'i mai kyau saboda yawan zubar jini lokacin al'ada.

Wasu sun ambaci matsalolin lafiyar kwakwalwa, yayin da wasu suka bayyana tunanin kashe kansu saboda tsananin al'adarsu da yadda ta dagula rayuwarsu.

Ga mazan transjenda ko mutanen da ba sa bayyana kansu a matsayin namiji ko mace, al'ada na iya zama abin damuwa sosai; yawan zubar jini lokacin al'ada kuwa ya fi ƙara wahalar.

"Muna ganin marasa lafiya transjenda da yawa da suke bayyana kansu a matsayin maza; amma suna da yawan al'ada, wanda kansa wata mummunar kwarewa ce a gare su," in ji Julie Jaffray.

A ƙarshe, tarin tasirin yawan zubar jini lokacin al'ada kan rayuwar mutane na iya shafar ilimi da aiki kuma ya yi tasiri ga al'umma baki ɗaya.

Lokacin da Alston ke al'ada, ba ta zuwa makaranta kuma tana kwana a ofishin nas, duk da cewa mahaifiyarta ta dage cewa dole ne ta halarci aji.

A Birtaniya, 'yan mata masu yawan zubar jini lokacin al'ada suna rasa har zuwa kwanaki tara na makaranta a shekara.

A ƙasashe masu ƙarancin kuɗaɗen shiga kamar Sri Lanka, Senanayake na zargin cewa adadin ya fi haka.

A girma kuma wannan yana fassaruwa zuwa kwanakin rashin zuwa aiki da kuma damar da aka rasa.

"Matan da ke fama da yawan zubar jini lokacin al'ada ba sa iya zuwa aiki na tsawon makonni 3.6 a shekara a matsakaici. Wannan yana jawo asarar biliyoyin kuɗi ga tattalin arziki," in ji Maybin.

"Idan muka gyara wannan ga mata... za mu gyara shi ga kowa a cikin al'umma."

Magunguna da gwaje-gwaje

Har yanzu akwai aiki mai yawa da ya rage a yi.

Ko da yake akwai magunguna don yawan zubar jini lokacin al'ada, "tabbas ba su isa ba," in ji Erica Marsh.

"Muna da ƙarancin mafita mai ban tsoro."

Maganin yawan zubar jini lokacin al'ada ya danganta da asalin matsalar.

Idan zubar jinin bai yi tsanani sosai ba, magungunan rage kumburi marasa steroid kamar ibuprofen na iya rage yawan jinin.

Akwai kuma magungunan hormones kamar kwayoyin hana ɗaukar ciki ko na'urorin hormones da ake sakawa a mahaifa, waɗanda suke daga cikin hanyoyin da suka fi tasiri wajen rage asarar jini lokacin al'ada.

Duk da cewa waɗannan hanyoyin suna da sauƙin samu, akwai abubuwan da kan hana amfani da su, kamar ciwon da ke iya rakiyar saka na'urar da ake sanyawa a mahaifa.

Kwayoyin hana ɗaukar ciki sun yi aiki ga Alston, amma saboda ƙyamar da ke kewaye da su a gidansu, sai da ta manyanta kafin ta iya amfani da su.

Magungunan hormones ba sa aiki ga kowa, kuma mutane da yawa suna daina amfani da su saboda sakamako kamar ciwon nono da sauyin yanayi.

Akwai magunguna marasa hormones kamar tranexamic acid da za su iya dakatar da zubar jinin.

"Matsalar ita ce kusan kamar bandeji ne kawai," in ji Jaffray, "ba sa magance asalin matsalar."

Daga baya wani likitan mata ya yi mata binciken ultrasound kuma ya gano wasu dalilai masu yiwuwa.

"Ta ce mini, 'Ki manta da hanyar hana ɗaukar ciki. Kina da manyan fibroids guda bakwai ko takwas a mahaifarki kuma wataƙila kina da endometriosis,'" in ji Alston.

A sakamakon haka, ta yanke shawarar yin hysterectomy domin a cire mahaifarta gaba ɗaya.

A gaskiya ma, yawan zubar jini lokacin al'ada na daga cikin mafi yawan dalilan da ke sa mata yin hysterectomy.

Ta gamsu da shawarar da ta yanke, kuma tarihin yawan al'adarta ya ƙare.

Amma hysterectomy babban tiyata ne, yana dawwama har abada kuma yana hana yiwuwar ɗaukar ciki.

Ga Maybin, takaici da kunyar da ta ji game da yanayin magance marasa lafiyarta ne suka sa ta jagoranci The Missed Vital Sign, wani shirin bincike na duniya da Wellcome Leap ke tallafawa.

Sunan shirin yana nuna ra'ayin cewa canje-canjen al'ada na iya zama alamar farko ta wasu matsalolin lafiya, wanda ke sa al'ada ta zama wata muhimmiyar alamar lafiya kamar hawan jini, zafin jiki ko bugun zuciya.

A cikin shekaru uku masu zuwa, ƙungiyar masu bincike guda 13 za ta yi aiki domin rage jinkirin gano da magance yawan zubar jini lokacin al'ada daga matsakaicin shekaru biyar zuwa watanni biyar a duniya.

Wani bangare na wannan aiki shi ne zurfafa fahimtar hanyoyin da ke haddasa yawan zubar jini da kuma musabbabinsa.

Sauran ayyukan za su nemi alamomin sinadarai a cikin ruwan al'ada, ƙirƙirar na'urori masu wayo da za su lura da zubar jini ta amfani da kayan al'ada, ko gina kayan aikin da ke amfani da bayanan wayoyin salula da na'urorin mutum domin tantance haɗarin ƙarancin ƙarfe.

Ta fuskar fasaha, Maybin na ganin lokaci ya yi daidai saboda sabbin fasahohin bincike kamar saurin nazarin ƙwayoyin halitta.

"A baya ba a yi amfani da waɗannan fasahohi don inganta lafiyar mata ba, kuma ina ganin lokaci ya yi da za a yi hakan," in ji Maybin.

Haka kuma Jaffray ta yi aiki wajen haɗa ƙwararrun likitocin jini cikin fannin yawan zubar jini lokacin al'ada, tana jaddada muhimmancin haɗin gwiwa tsakanin ƙwararrun jini da likitocin mata.

Sai dai muhimmin bangare na wannan ci gaba shi ne tabbatar da cewa masu fama da yawan zubar jini lokacin al'ada za su iya samun sabbin hanyoyin gano cutar da magance ta.

Masu bincike suna ƙara fahimtar cewa bai wa yawan zubar jini lokacin al'ada muhimmanci a bincike da magani yana da matuƙar amfani wajen taimaka wa mata da duk masu yin al'ada su rayu yadda ya kamata, ba tare da ruɗewar tunani sakamakon ƙarancin ƙarfe ba, kuma ba tare da rasa makaranta ko aiki ba.

"Dole ne mu ɗauki mata da muhimmanci sosai," in ji Alston.

"Muna buƙatar kulawa mai kyau domin mu samu damar aiwatar da haƙƙinmu na daidaito na kasancewa a wannan duniya."