Ni ibihe bihugu icenda bitunze ikibombe ruhonyanganda c'ubumara?

Igihe haduka intambara hagati ya Israel na Irani inyuma y'igitero ico gihugu c'Abayahudi cakoze kuri Tehran, haciye havyuka ibibazo vyinshi ku bijanye n'ibirwanisho ruhonyanganda vy'ubumara (canke vya nikleyeri) kw'isi.

Icuka kibi kirangwa hagati y'ibi bihugu bibiri giteje umutima uhagaze isi yose, nubwo Donald Trump yatangaje ko habaye amasezerano yo guhagarika intambara hagati yavyo.

Kuva mu myaka iheze, Irani ibandanya yikekwa ko iriko irayungurura ubutare bwa uranium mu ntumbero yo guhingura ibirwanisho vya nikleyeri, ivyo ibandanya yamirira kure, ikavuga ko umugambi wayo wo gutunganya uranium ufise intumbero ya gisivire, nk'ibijanye n'umuyagankuba, ubuvuzi n'uburimyi, nk'uko bivugwa n'abategetsi b'iki gihugu.

Mu gutera Irani ku wa 13 Ruheshi (6), Israel yitwaza ko Irani iriko ihingura ibirwanisho vya nikleyeri.

Nayo ku vyerekeye Israel ifatwa ko ari igihugu kigira icenda gitunze ikibombe ruhonyanganda c'ubumara, ntiravyemeza canke ngo ibihakane.

Ku wa 2 Mukakaro (7), umukuru w'igihugu ca Irani yateye igikumu kw'itegeko rihagarika ugufashanya hagati y'iki gihugu n'ishami rya ONU rijejwe kugenzura ibikorwa vya nikleyeri (IAEA), inyuma y'ico gitero ca Israel na Amerika ku bigo vyaco vya nikleyeri.

Israel na Amerika vyompi bivuga ko ibi bitero vyari nkenerwa mu ntumbero yo kubuza Irani guhingura ikirwanisho ca nikleyeri.

Gushika ubu urugero rw'ukungene ibi bigo vyoba vyarononekaye ntirurashobora kumenyekana.

Umukuru w'igisata kijejwe imigambi mu kigo kijejwe kugenzura ibirwanisho ruhonyanganda vy'ubumara (Center for Arms Control & Non Proliferation/Centre pour le contrôle des armes et la non-prolifération), John Earth, yabwiye BBC ko Israel ata "kintu na kimwe irigera ishikiriza ku mugaragaro".

Ibihugu bitanu ni vyo vyari bizwi ko bitunze ikibombe ca nikleyeri, ibi na vyo bikaba vyarateye igikumu ku masezerano yo guhagarika ikwirakwira ry'ibirwanisho ruhonyanganda vy'ubumara, amasezerano azwi ko yatanguye gushirwa mu ngiro mu 1970, kandi yateweko igikumu n'ibihugu 190.

Korea ya Ruguru, kimwe muri ibi bihugu vyateye igikumu kuri aya masezerano, carivumbuye ku mugaragaro mu 2003, ubu kikaba kizwi ko naco gitunze iki kirwanisho rutikizabantu.

Uretse Israel idatangaza ku mugaragaro ko na yo igitunze, hari ibindi bibiri vyatangaje ku mugaragaro ko bitunze ibi birwanisho.

Inyuma y'imyaka 80 inyuma y'aho Reta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika ziturikirije ikibombe ca mbere ca nikleyeri, kuri uno musi ibihugu icenda ni vyo bizwi ko bibitunze, nubwo habaye utwigoro two guhagarika ihingurwa canke ikwirakwizwa ryavyo.

Ng'ibi ibihugu bibitunze ku mugaragaro

Reta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika, Uburusiya, Ubwongereza, Ubushinwa, Ubufaransa, ni vyo bihugu vyatanguye kuemnyesha ku mugaragaro ko bitunze ibirwanisho ruhonyanganda vy'ubumara.

Igihe haba ibiganiro vyashitse ku masezerano yo kuzibira ikwirakwira ry'ibi birwanisho, ibi bihugu bitanu ni vyo vyari bitunze ibi birwanisho ruhonyangan da vy'ubumara. Intego yari iyo kubuza ko hoba ibindi bihugu vyohava bibihingura, ahubwo bigahimiriza ko ibikorwz vya nikleyeri vyorangurwa mu migambi y'amahoro.

Ariko, hahavuye hiyongerako Ubuhindi, Pakistani, Israel na Korea ya Ruguru, nubwo Israel itarabitangaza ku mugaragaro.

1. Reta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika

Reta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika ni co gihugu ca mbere catanguye guhingura ikirwanisho ruhonyanganda c'ubumara kandi ni co gihugu conyene kimaze gukoresha iki kirwanisho mu gihe c'intambara, aho catera ibibombe vya nikleyeri ku bisagara vya Hiroshima ku wa 6 Myandagaro (8) 1945 na Nagasaki ku wa 9 Myandagaro 1945 mu Buyapani muri ca gihe c'intambara ya kabiri y'isi yose, ibibombe vyaciye bituma Ubuyapani bumanika amaboko.

Ibi bibombe vyahitanye abantu baharurwa hagati ya 150.000 na 246.000 mu kanya isase, kandi benshi bari abasivire.

Ni muri ico gihe nyene c'iyi ntambara ya kabiri y'isi yose Amerika yatanguje umugambi wa nikleyeri mu 1941. Hagati ya 1945 na 1990, Amerika iri kumwe n'ibi bihugu bizwi ku mugaragaro ko bitunze ibirwanisho vya nilleyeri, ibirenga 70.000 bimaze guhingurwa, mu bwoko burenga 65 butandukanye bwavyo.

Ku wa 16 Mukararo (7) 1945, ni ho Amerika yagerageza ikibombe cayo ca mbere mu gikorwa cataziriwe Trinity. Ariko mu ntumbero yo gukurikiza aya masezerano yo kuzibira ikwirakwira ry'ibirwanisho vya nikleyeri, Amerika yaragabanije cane ibirwansiho vyayo.

Laboratware (laboratoire) y'igihugu y'ahitwa Oak Ridge hamwe n'ikigo c'igihugu ca Y-12 kijejwe umutekano i Oak Ridge mu ntara ya Tennesse, hamwe n'ikibanza c'igerageza ry'ibi birwanisho ca Nevada hafi ya Las Vegas, ni bimwe mu bigo bizwi ko bihingura ibirwanisho vya nikleyeri muri ico gihugu.

Nk'uko bivugwa n'ishirahamwe ry'abahinga ba Amerika Federation of American scientists (FAS), mu bibombe 12.300 vya nikleyeri bitunzwe n'ibi bihugu icenda kw'isi gushika ubu, 90% biri mu minwe ya Amerika n'Uburusiya.

2. Uburusiya

Icahoze citwa Repubulika Zunze Ubumwe z'Abasoviyeti (URSS/USSR) ni co cabaye igihugu kigira kabiri cahinguye ikirwanisho ruhonyanganda c'ubumara. Ni umugambi catanguje mu 1943 maze gihingura ibi birwanisho mu mugambi waco wo guhangana na Amerika.

Igihe URSS isenyuka mu mpera z'umwaka wa 1991, Uburusiya ni bwo bwaciye bwiyegurira ibi birwanisho vy'Abasoviyeti. Mu 2010, bwari bufise 2600, FAS ikavuga ko ibi vyatuma ari bwo bwitwa ko butunze ibirwanisho vya nikleyeri vyinshi kw'isi yose.

Nk'uko biri mu biharuro vya FAS, Uburusiya ni bwo busumvya ibindi bihugu vyose mu bijanye n'ibibombe vya nikleyeri. Butunze hafi 5.580, ni ukuvuga 47% y'ibibombe vyose vya nikleyeri kw'isi.

Ibiharuro vyerekana ko 1710 vyoba biryamiye amajanja, ni ukuvuga vyiteguriye gukoreshwa, mu gihe Amerika ifise 1670 yiteguriye kurekura. Rero ibi bihugu rutura bibiri bifise inguvu zo gushobora gusamburana.

Bitunze ibibombe ruhonyanganda vy'ubumara bisumba kure n'iyo ibitunzwe n'ivyo ibi bindi indwi bifise ibirwanisho vya nikleyeri.

Nubwo ata kintu na kimwe cerekana ko Uburusiya bwoba buriko buratsimbataza cane ububiko bwabwo bwa nikleyeri, nk'uko FAS ibivuga, iragabisha ko muri kazoza bishoboka.

3. Ubwongereza

Ubwongereza ni kimwe muri ibi bihugu bitanu vyatanguye kumenyekana ko bitunze ibirwanisho ruhonyanganda vy'ubumara.

Ibi birwanisho vyabwo biri mu burengero bwa Ecosse, ku kigo c'igisirikare kirwanira mu maze c'ahitwa Clyde. Biri kandi ku kindi kigo c'igisirikare kirwanira mu mazi c'ahitwa Falsane mu buraruko bw'igihugu.

Ibi bibombe birabitswe kandi bikabungabungirwa ku bubiko bw'ibirwanisho bw'igisirikare kirwanira mu mazi (Royal Naval) c'ahitwa Coulport.

Nubwo uno mugambi wa nikleyeri w'Ubwongereza ugenzurwa na bwo bwonyene, ni umugambi bukorana na Reta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika, nk'uko bivugwa na FAS. Iki kigo congerako kandi ko Ubwongereza butunze ibibombe 225 vya nikleyeri, nk'uko biri mu biharuro vya 2023.

4. Ubufaransa

Urunani ruzwi nka Isekeza mpuzamakungu ryo gutuza ibirwanisho ruhonyanganda vy'ubumara (Campagne internationale pour l'abolition des armes nucléaires/ International Campaign to Abolish Nuclear Weapons, ICAN mu mpfunyapfunyo y'icongereza), uru rukaba ari urunani rufise icicaro mu Buswisi kandi rukaba rwaranahawe n'agashimwe k'amahoro kitiriwe Nobel mu 2017, ruvuga ko Ubufaransa butunze ibibombe 290 vya nikleyeri.

Ibi birwanisho ni ivyo gukangira kugira ngo bushobore gukora poritike mpuzamakungu yabwo itihetse kuri Amerika. Binyanyagijwe mu mato ya nikleyeri arasa vya muzinga agendera mu mazi hamwe no mu bigo vy'igisirikare kirwanira mu kirere.

Mu 1960, Ubufaransa bwabaye igihugu kigira kane catunze ikibombe ca nikleyeri, aho bwahingura ikibombe bwise bombe Gerboise bleue.

5. Ubushinwa

Ubushinwa ntibukunze gushira ahabona umugambi wabwo wa nikleyeri, nk'uko bivugwa n'amashirahamwe acungera igisata ca nikleyeri. Biragoye kumenya neza na neza igitigiri c'ibirwanisho vya nikleyeri iki gihugu gitunze.

Hagati aho, nk'uko bisigurwa n'ikigo Stockholm international peace research institute (SIPRI), ibibombe vya nikleyeri vy'Ubushinwa vyaharurwa ku 350 mu 2021, ibi bikaba vyatuma iki gihugu kiza mu mwanya wa gatatu mu bihugu rutura bitunze ibirwanisho ruhonyanganda vy'ubumara.

Hampande y'ibi bitanu. Hariyongerako ibindi bitatu bifatwa ko bitunze ibibombe ruhonyanganda vy'ubumara, na vyo nyene bigafatwa ko ari ibihugu rutura bitunze ibirwanisho vya nikleyeri.

Ibi ni Ubuhindi, Pakistani na Korea ya Ruguru. Ivyo vya mbere ntivyateye igikumu ku masezerano yo guhagarika ikwirakwira ry'ibirwanisho vya nikleyeri ikizwi nka (TNP). Ariko Korea ya Ruguru yari yayateyeko igikumu ariko irivumbura mu 2003.

6. Ubuhindi

Nk'uko biri mu biharuro vya Stockholm international peace research institute (SIPRI) vyo mu mwaka wa 2024, Ubuhindi butunze ibibombe 172 vya nikleyeri. Iki gitigiri kirakwiye kugira ngo igihugu gishobore gutera ubwoba, nubwo atari vyinshi nk'ibitunzwe na Amerika hamwe n'Uburusiya, nk'uko bivugwa n'iki kigo.

Ubuhindi bwagerageje ibirwanisho vyabwo vya nikleyeri mu 1974 na 1998 bukaba kandi butunze n'ibisasu vya misire biraswa kure bishobora kwikorera ibiturika vya nikleyeri, nk'igisasu ca misire ca Agni-V, gishobora gushika ku ntera yo kuva ku birometero 5500 gushika ku 5800, nk'uko bivugwa n'ikigo Fondation pour les recherches stratégiques (FRS).

Umugambi wa nikleyeri w'Ubuhindi ubangabanganywe n'uwa Pakistani, ibihugu bibiri birabana ay'ingwe.

7. Pakistani

Ikigo SIPRI kivuga ko Pakistani itunze ibibombe 170 vya nikleyeri. Yatanguye gutunga ikibombe ca mbere ca nikleyeri mu 1998.

Nk'uko bimeze ku Buhindi, Pakistani ntiyateye igikumu ku masezerano ya TNP ariko kizwi nk'igihugu rutura gitunze ibirwanisho ruhonyanganda vy'ubumara.

8. Korea ya Ruguru

Korea ya Ruguru isigura ko itunze ibirwanisho ruhonyanganda vy'ubumara kugira ngo yikingire iterabwoba riva hanze, cane cane iriva ku ngabo za Amerika ziri muri Koreay y'Epfo.

Iki gihugu gitunze ibirwanisho ruhonyanganda vy'ubumara biri hagati ya 20 n 30 nk'uko bivugwa n'amashirahamwe acungera ibirwanisho vya nukleyeri. Kimaze kugerageza ibitari bike, aho ibiheruka ari ivyageragejwe mu 2017.

Igihugu kitemanga ku mugaragaro ko gitunze ibirwanisho vya nikleyeri

Israël, igihugu kigira icenda gifatwa ko gitunze ikirwanisho ruhonyanganda c'ubumara, ntikirigera gihakana canke ngo cemange ko gitunze ibi birwanisho.

9. Israel

"Bivugwa ko Israel itunze ibirwanisho 90 vya nikleyeri", nk'uko bivugwa n'urunani ICAN. Eka n'ayandi mashirahamwe atari make harimwo Federation of American Scientists (FAS) aremeza iyi nkuru.

ICAN iti: "Kubera Israel idashaka guhakana canke kwemanga ko itunze ibi birwanisho, nta bintu vyinshi bizwi ku bubiko bwayo bwa nikleyeri, ariko abahinga bavuga ko ishobora kurekura ibirwanisho vya nikleyeri ikoresheje ibisasu vya misire, amato agendera musi y'amazi hamwe n'indege z'intambara".

Muri ibi bihugu icenda bitunze ibibombe ruhonyanganda vy'ubumara, Israel iza ubwa kabiri mu bitunze ibirwanisho vya nikleyeri bike, inyuma ya Korea ya Ruguru.

Nk'uko bivugwa n'abahinga babiri ku mugambi wa nikleyeri wa Israel, Avner Cohen na William Burr babicishije mu kinyamakuru Foreign Policy, abategetsi ba Israel "bafata ko umugambi wa nikleyeri ari igikorwa co kwubaka kazoza keza k'igihugu, intego ya 'Ntibigasubire' [Never Again/'Plus jamais ça'] yatangujwe mu kwibuka Holocauste [ihonyabwoko ryakorewe Abayahudi].

"Umwete, uruyeri hamwe no gukorera mw'ibanga vyabaye ibintu kirumara mu mugambi wa nikleyeri wa Israel".

Bavuga kandi ko amajambo y'abategetsi bamwe bamwe ba Israel afatwa ko ari ayerekana ko iki gihugu gitunze ibirwanisho ruhonyanganda vy'ubumara.

Hari ugutezura mu twigoro two kugabanya ibirwanisho vya nikleyeri

Ico ibi bihugu vyose bihuriyeko, ni uko bivuga ko ibi birwanisho ari ivyo kwikingira akaga koza kavuye hanze. Ikirwanisho ca nikleyeri rero gica kiba uburyo bwo gukanga ibihugu bibanyi vyogerageza kurondera guteza akaga.

Amashirahamwe mpuzamakungu ajejwe gucungera ibirwanisho vya nikleyeri kw'isi, cane cane FAS, ICAN n'ayandi, avuga ko kuva ya ntambara y'ukwikekana irangiye, habaye igabanuka rigaragara ry'ibi birwanisho, mu gihe ico gihe vyashika 70.000.

Ariko ano mashirahamwe afise ubwoba ubu ko habaye ugutezura mu twigoro two kugabanya ibi birwanisho, akaba agabisha ko bishobora kwiyongera mu myaka cumi iri imbere. Mu gihe ibihugu bimwe bimwe bigabanya ububiko bwavyo, ibindi birabwongereza.

Israel, Ubuhindi na Pakistani bisabwa kwinjira mu masezerano yo kuzibira ikwirakwira ry'ibi birwanisho vya nikleyeri (TNP), ariko bitegerezwa kukora ibi nk' "ibihugu bidatunze ibirwanisho ruhonyanganda vy'ubumara".

Ibi bisigura ko bitegerezwa gusambura ibi birwanisho vyavyo bikongera bishira ibikoresho vyavyo bikoresha mu guhingura ibi birwanisho mu minwe y'amakungu, nk'uko Afrika y'Epfo yabigize igihe yinjira mu masezerano ya TNP mu 1991.

Hagati aho, abahinga bavuga ko Israel, mu gihe "izungurutswe n'ibihugu biyigeramiye", kwinjira mu masezerano ya TNP kwoba ari "ugutakaza ubushobozi bwo gukangira" ifise kubera itunze ibirwanisho ruhonyanganda vy'ubumara.